S
- Sacks, Harvey (United States, 1935–1975), conversation analysis
- Sadock, Jerrold (United States), syntax, morphology, pragmatics, Greenlandic language, Yiddish language
- Sag, Ivan (United States, 1949–), syntax, construction grammar
- Sagart, Laurent (France), Chinese linguistics and Austronesian languages
- Sakaguchi, Alicja (Poland/Germany, 1954–), interlinguistics, Esperanto
- Salo, David (United States, 1969–), constructed languages, Tocharian languages, Elvish languages
- Sampson, Geoffrey (UK, 1944–), philosophy of language
- Sánchez Carrión, José María (Spain, 1952–), Basque language, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics
- Sankrityayan, Rahul (India, 1893–1963), Tibetan language, Hindi language
- Sapir, Edward (Germany/United States, 1884–1939), Native American languages, constructed languages, semantics
- Saunders, Irene (United States/PR China), lexicography, Chinese language
- de Saussure, Ferdinand (Switzerland/France, 1857–1913), semantics, Indo-European studies, structural linguistics
- Sayce, Archibald Henry (UK, 1846–1933), Akkadian language
- Schegloff, Emanuel (United States), conversation analysis
- Schleicher, August (Germany, 1821–1868), Indo-European studies, language development, historical linguistics
- Schmidt, Johannes (Germany, 1843–1901), historical linguistics, Indo-European studies
- Schmidt, Richard (United States), second-language acquisition
- Schmidt, Wilhelm (Germany/Austria/Switzerland, 1868–1954), Mon–Khmer languages
- Schwarzschild, Roger (United States), semantics, pragmatics
- Searle, John Rogers (United States, 1932–), philosophy of language, pragmatics
- Sen, Sukumar (India, 1900–1992), Bengali language
- Sequoyah (United States, 1767–1843), Cherokee language
- Setälä, Eemil Nestor (Finland, 1864–1935), Finnish language, Uralic languages
- Sgall, Petr (Czech republic, 1926–), syntax
- Shackle, Christopher (UK, 1942–), Urdu language, Saraiki language
- Shepard-Kegl, Judy (United States), Nicaraguan Sign Language
- Shevoroshkin, Vitaly Victorovich (Russia/United States), Slavic languages, Nostratics
- Shinmura Izuru (Japan, 1876–1967), Japanese language
- Sibawayh (Iran, ca. 760–796), Arabic language
- Sidwell, Paul (Australia), Mon–Khmer languages, historical linguistics
- Sievers, Eduard (Germany, 1850–1932), Germanic languages, historical linguistics
- Siewierska, Anna (Poland/Netherlands/UK, 1955–2011), language typology
- Sihler, Andrew Littleton (United States, 1941), comparative linguistics, Indo-European languages
- Sinclair, John McHardy (UK, 1933–2007), applied linguistics, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis
- Skeat, Walter W. (UK, 1835–1912), Old English, Middle English, etymology, philology
- Skinner, B.F. (United States, 1905–1992), Verbal behavior
- Skousen, Royal (United States, 1945–), language modeling
- Smith, Neilson Voyne (UK, 1939–), syntax, language acquisition
- Smolensky, Paul (United States, 1955–), phonology, optimality theory, syntax
- Stachowski, Marek (Poland) historical linguistics, Turkic languages
- Starostin, Georgiy Sergeevich (Russia, 1976–), comparative linguistics, historical linguistics, Nostratics, Proto-World
- Starostin, Sergei Anatolyevich (Russia, 1953–2005), comparative linguistics, historical linguistics, Nostratics, Proto-World
- Steels, Luc (Belgium), computational linguistics, evolutionary linguistics
- Stetson, Raymond Herbert (United States, —1950), phonetics
- Stieber, Zdzisław (Poland, 1903–1980), Slavic languages, phonology
- Stokoe, William (United States, 1919–2000), American Sign Language, cherology.
- Stollznow, Karen (United States) lexical semantics, sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics.
- Suzuki Takao (Japan, 1926–), Japanese language, sociolinguistics
- Swadesh, Morris (United States, 1909–1967), typology, historical linguistics, Native American languages, lexicostatistics
- Sweet, Henry (UK, 1845–1912), Germanic languages, phonetics
- Sweetser, Eve (United States), cognitive linguistics, semantics, historical linguistics, Celtic languages
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