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- William Maclure (1763–1840), published first geologic map of USA (1809)
- J. Ross Mackay (born 1915), Canadian permafrost geologist
- Robert Mallet (1810-1881), Irish pioneering seismologist and civil engineer
- Othniel Charles Marsh (1831–1899), USA, pioneer dinosaur paleontologist; Bone Wars competitor
- Kirtley F. Mather (1888–1978), Harvard professor, Scopes monkey trial
- William Williams Mather (1804-1859), professor, de facto state geologist of Ohio
- Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958), Australian Antarctic explorer
- Sir Frederick McCoy (c. 1817–1899), British and Australian palaeontologist and museum director
- Dan McKenzie (born 1942), UK geophysicist, plate tectonics pioneer
- Digby McLaren (1919–2004), Canadian paleontologist
- Giuseppe Mercalli (1850–1914), Italian seismologist and volcanologist, developed Mercalli scale for measuring earthquakes
- Hans Merensky (1871–1952), South African economic geologist, discovered major diamond, platinum, chrome and copper deposits, including the Merensky Reef
- John C. Merriam (1869–1945), USA, vertebrate paleontologist, studied fossils from La Brea Tar Pits
- Waman Bapuji Metre (1906–1970), India, petroleum geologist
- Gerard V. Middleton (born 1931), Canada, sedimentologist
- Hugh Miller (1802-1856), Scottish, Geologist (The Old Red Sandstone etc.), Palaeontologist and author.
- John Milne (1850-1913), British seismologist and anthropologist
- Andrija Mohorovičić (1857–1936), Croatian meteorologist and seismologist, discovered Mohorovicic Discontinuity
- Friedrich Mohs (1773–1839), Germany, devised Mohs' scale of mineral hardness
- James Monger, Canadian Cordillera geologist
- W. Jason Morgan (born 1935), American plate tectonics pioneer
- Eric W. Mountjoy, Canadian sedimentologist and petrologist
- Roderick Murchison (1792–1871), Scotland, author of The Silurian System (1839)
- Emiliano Mutti (born 1933), Italian petroleum geologist
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