Historical Phonology
| OP | MP | Persian | Kurdish | Parthian | Avestan | Proto-Iranian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| θ | h | h | s | s | s | *ś |
| d | d | d | z | z | z | *ź |
| j | z | z | ž | ž | j | *j, *Vč |
| ç | z | z | ž | ž | ç | *ç |
| -š- | -š- | -š- | -h-/nil | -š- | -š- | *-š- |
| x- | x- | x- | k- | x- | x- | *x- |
| w- | w- | b- | b- | w- | w- | *w- |
| y- | j- | j- | j- | y- | y- | *y- |
| b, d, g | w, y, (') | w, y, (/nil) | w, y, (nil) | β, ð, ɣ | b, d, g | *b, *d, *g |
| p, t, k | b, d, g, | b, d, g | w, h, y, (/nil) | β, ð, ɣ | p, t, k | *p, *t, *k |
| Vm | -m | -m | -v (-w) | -m | -m | -*m |
| fr- | fr- (hr-) | for- etc. | fr- | fr- | fr- | *fr- |
| ç | s | s | s? | hr | θr ('s'?) | *θr |
| θw | h | h | h? or w/v? | f | θw | *θw |
| duv- | d- | d- | d- | b- | duu- | *dw- |
| s/z | s/z | s/z | sp?/zw? | sp/zw | sp/zw | *św/ *źw |
| (h)uv- | xw- | x(w)- | x(w)- | wx- | xv-, huu- | *hw- |
| rd | l, r | l | unclear (maybe: l, ł, r) | rð & rz | rd & rz | *rd & *rź |
| nd | nd/nn | nd | n | nd | nd | *nd |
| šn | šn | šn | žn | zn | sn | *śn |
| Všm, Vhm | -šm, -hm | -šm, -xm | -v (-w) | -šm, -hm | -šm, -hm | *šm? |
| ft | ft | ft | (w)t, (ft?) | ft | ft | *ft |
| xt | xt | xt | t | xt | xt | *xt |
| pasā | pas | pas | pāš | paš | pas-ča | *pas-ča |
| šiyav- | šaw- | šaw- | č- | šaw- | šiiu- | *čyau- |
| a- | a- | a- | ha- | a- | a- | *a- |
| d- | -d- | -d- | -l- | -d- | -d- | -*d- |
Read more about this topic: Kurdish Language
Famous quotes containing the word historical:
“Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear, their table-talk, gossip, controversies, historical sense and scientific training, the values they appreciate, the quality of life they admire. All communities have a culture. It is the climate of their civilization.”
—Walter Lippmann (1889–1974)