Historical Phonology
| OP | MP | Persian | Kurdish | Parthian | Avestan | Proto-Iranian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| θ | h | h | s | s | s | *ś |
| d | d | d | z | z | z | *ź |
| j | z | z | ž | ž | j | *j, *Vč |
| ç | z | z | ž | ž | ç | *ç |
| -š- | -š- | -š- | -h-/nil | -š- | -š- | *-š- |
| x- | x- | x- | k- | x- | x- | *x- |
| w- | w- | b- | b- | w- | w- | *w- |
| y- | j- | j- | j- | y- | y- | *y- |
| b, d, g | w, y, (') | w, y, (/nil) | w, y, (nil) | β, ð, ɣ | b, d, g | *b, *d, *g |
| p, t, k | b, d, g, | b, d, g | w, h, y, (/nil) | β, ð, ɣ | p, t, k | *p, *t, *k |
| Vm | -m | -m | -v (-w) | -m | -m | -*m |
| fr- | fr- (hr-) | for- etc. | fr- | fr- | fr- | *fr- |
| ç | s | s | s? | hr | θr ('s'?) | *θr |
| θw | h | h | h? or w/v? | f | θw | *θw |
| duv- | d- | d- | d- | b- | duu- | *dw- |
| s/z | s/z | s/z | sp?/zw? | sp/zw | sp/zw | *św/ *źw |
| (h)uv- | xw- | x(w)- | x(w)- | wx- | xv-, huu- | *hw- |
| rd | l, r | l | unclear (maybe: l, ł, r) | rð & rz | rd & rz | *rd & *rź |
| nd | nd/nn | nd | n | nd | nd | *nd |
| šn | šn | šn | žn | zn | sn | *śn |
| Všm, Vhm | -šm, -hm | -šm, -xm | -v (-w) | -šm, -hm | -šm, -hm | *šm? |
| ft | ft | ft | (w)t, (ft?) | ft | ft | *ft |
| xt | xt | xt | t | xt | xt | *xt |
| pasā | pas | pas | pāš | paš | pas-ča | *pas-ča |
| šiyav- | šaw- | šaw- | č- | šaw- | šiiu- | *čyau- |
| a- | a- | a- | ha- | a- | a- | *a- |
| d- | -d- | -d- | -l- | -d- | -d- | -*d- |
Read more about this topic: Kurdish Language
Famous quotes containing the word historical:
“Religion means goal and way, politics implies end and means. The political end is recognizable by the fact that it may be attained—in success—and its attainment is historically recorded. The religious goal remains, even in man’s highest experiences, that which simply provides direction on the mortal way; it never enters into historical consummation.”
—Martin Buber (1878–1965)