July 11 - Events

Events

• 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in the Old St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
• 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
• 1174 – Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.
• 1302 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch) – a coalition around the Flemish cities defeats the king of France's royal army.
• 1346 – Charles IV of Luxembourg is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
• 1405 – Ming admiral Zheng He sets sail to explore the world for the first time.
• 1476 – Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances.
• 1533 – Pope Clement VII excommunicates Henry VIII of England.
• 1576 – Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.
• 1616 – Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
• 1735 – Mathematical calculations suggest that it is on this day that dwarf planet Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune for the last time before 1979.
• 1740 – Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.
• 1750 – Halifax, Nova Scotia is almost completely destroyed by fire.
• 1776 – Captain James Cook begins his third voyage.
• 1789 – Jacques Necker is dismissed as France's Finance Minister sparking the Storming of the Bastille.
• 1796 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
• 1798 – The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
• 1801 – French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons made his first comet discovery. In the next 27 years he discovered another 36 comets, more than any other person in history.
• 1804 – A duel occurs in which the Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr mortally wounds former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.
• 1833 – Noongar Australian aboriginal warrior Yagan, wanted for the murder of white colonists in Western Australia, is killed.
• 1848 – Waterloo railway station in London opens.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Stevens; Confederate forces attempt to invade Washington, D.C..
• 1882 – The British Mediterranean fleet begins the Bombardment of Alexandria in Egypt as part of the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.
• 1889 – Tijuana, Mexico, is founded.
• 1893 – The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.
• 1893 – A revolution led by the liberal general and politician, José Santos Zelaya, takes over state power in Nicaragua.
• 1895 – The Lumière brothers demonstrate film technology to scientists.
• 1897 – Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon. He later crashes and dies.
• 1906 – The Gillette-Brown murder inspires Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy.
• 1914 – Babe Ruth makes his debut in Major League Baseball.
• 1914 – USS Nevada (BB-36) is launched.
• 1919 – The eight-hour working day and free Sunday become law in the Netherlands.
• 1920 – In the East Prussian plebiscite the local populace decides to remain with Weimar Germany
• 1921 – A truce is called in the Irish War of Independence; see Irish calendar.
• 1921 – Former U.S. President William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice.
• 1921 – The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.
• 1922 – The Hollywood Bowl opens.
• 1930 – Australian cricketer Donald Bradman scores a world record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the highest individual Test innings of 334, during a Test match against England.
• 1936 – The Triborough Bridge in New York, New York is opened to traffic.
• 1940 – World War II: Vichy France regime is formally established. Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France.
• 1943 – Massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
• 1943 – World War II: Allied invasion of Sicily – German and Italian troops launch a counter-attack on Allied forces in Sicily.
• 1947 – The Exodus 1947 heads to Palestine from France.
• 1950 – Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank.
• 1957 – Prince Karim Husseini Aga Khan IV inherits the office of Imamat as the 49th Imam of Shia Imami Ismaili worldwide, after the death of Sir Sultan Mahommed Shah Aga Khan III.
• 1960 – Independence of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger.
• 1960 – To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is first published.
• 1960 – Congo Crisis: The State of Katanga breaks away from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• 1962 – First transatlantic satellite television transmission.
• 1962 – Project Apollo: At a press conference, NASA announces Lunar Orbit Rendezvous as the means to land astronauts on the Moon, and return them to Earth.
• 1971 – Copper mines in Chile are nationalized.
• 1972 – The first game of the World Chess Championship 1972 between challenger Bobby Fischer and defending champion Boris Spassky starts.
• 1973 – Varig Flight 820 crashes near Paris, France on approach to Orly Airport, killing 123 of the 134 on board.
• 1977 – Martin Luther King, Jr. is posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
• 1978 – Los Alfaques Disaster: A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain killing 216 tourists.
• 1979 – America's first space station, Skylab, is destroyed as it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.
• 1983 – A Boeing 737 crashes into hilly terrain after a tail strike in Cuenca, Ecuador, claiming 119 lives.
• 1990 – Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec, Canada begins.
• 1991 – A Nationair DC-8 crashes during an emergency landing at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing 261.
• 1995 – A Cubana de Aviación Antonov An-24 crashes into the Caribbean off southeast Cuba killing 44 people.
• 1995 – The Srebrenica massacre was carried out.
• 2006 – 209 people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.
• 2012 – Astronomers announce the discovery of S/2012 P 1, the fifth moon of Pluto.