Joy (programming Language) - How IT Works

How It Works

Joy is unusual (except for function-level programming languages and some esoteric ones, such as unlambda) in its lack of a lambda operator, and therefore lack of formal parameters. To illustrate this with a common example, here is how the square function might be defined in an imperative programming language (C):

int square(int x) { return x * x; }

The variable x is a formal parameter which is replaced by the actual value to be squared when the function is called. In a functional language (Scheme) the same function would be defined:

(define square (lambda (x) (* x x)))

This is different in many ways, but it still uses the formal parameter x in the same way. In Joy the square function is defined:

DEFINE square == dup * .

In Joy, everything is a function that takes a stack as an argument and returns a stack as a result. For instance, the numeral '5' does not represent an integer constant, but instead a short program that pushes the number 5 onto the stack.

• The dup operator simply duplicates the top element of the stack by pushing a copy of it.
• The * operator pops two numbers off the stack and pushes their product.

So the square function makes a copy of the top element, and then multiplies the two top elements of the stack, leaving the square of the original top element at the top of the stack, with no need for a formal parameter. This makes Joy concise, as illustrated by this definition of quicksort:

DEFINE qsort == split] binrec.

"binrec" is one of Joy's many recursive combinators, implementing binary recursion. It expects four quoted programs on top of the stack which represent:

• the termination condition (if a list is "small" (1 or 0 elements) it is already sorted),
• what to do if the termination condition is met (in this case nothing),
• what to do by default (split the list into two halves by comparing each element with the pivot), and finally
• what to do at the end (insert the pivot between the two sorted halves).