Ivan The Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – 28 March 1584), known in English as Ivan the Terrible (Russian: Ива́н Гро́зный​, Ivan Grozny; lit. Fearsome), was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km2 (1,562,500 sq mi). Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russias.

Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness. On one such outburst he beat and unpremeditatedly killed his groomed and chosen heir Ivan Ivanovich. This left the Tsardom to be passed to Ivan's's younger son, the weak and intellectually disabled Feodor Ivanovich. Ivan's legacy is complex: he was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, founder of the Russia's first Print Yard, but he is also remembered for his paranoiac suspiciousness and cruel persecution of the nobility.