The Popery Act (Penal Law) of 1704 required land held (typically in tenancy) by Roman Catholics to be divided equally between all the sons, both legitimate and illegitimate, on his death. This had formerly been normal under the law of gavelkind that was abolished by the Dublin administration in 1604. In Ireland, this practice, known as sub-division, continued by tradition until the middle of the 19th century.
Further, the growth of population inevitably caused subdivision, from a level of about 500,000 in 1000 AD to about 2 million by 1700, and 5 million by 1800. On the eve of the Great Famine it had risen to 8 million, mostly living on ever-smaller farms and depending on the potato as a staple diet.
The result was that by the 1840s, many farms had become so small that the only food source that could be grown in sufficient quantity to feed a family was potatoes. This was to have disastrous effects when, in the period 1847-49 potato blight struck, making much of the potatoes grown inedible. This period came to be known as the Great Famine and led to the deaths of a million people.
Subsequently, a change in the law required that the tenancy go to only one legitimate son. With the wholescale deaths and massive emigration of the period, farm sizes had begun to increase, as surviving holdings were merged with neighbouring vacated ones. The prohibition of sub-division ensured that in normal circumstances they would not decrease in size any further.
A secondary effect of the prohibition of sub-division was that other sons, who previously inherited part of the family farm tenancy, instead was forced to seek employment elsewhere. Many emigrated. Many chose a route of entering a religious life, as a Roman Catholic priest, nun or monk, such options becoming available due to a re-organisation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland under Cardinal Cullen from the 1850s. This influx of young men into the religious life, thanks to the disappearance of sub-division, in part explains the massive growth in clerical numbers in Ireland in the period.
Irish land holdings underwent further massive change in the period 1880s-1930s when a series of Land Acts - by the creation of the Irish Land Commission and Congested Districts Board for Ireland - broke up the previous large estates from which tenant farmers rented property and who were empowered by British and (later) Irish government grants and loans to buy their farms instead of renting them.
Famous quotes containing the words irish, farm and/or subdivision:
“For every nineteenth-century middle-class family that protected its wife and child within the family circle, there was an Irish or a German girl scrubbing floors in that home, a Welsh boy mining coal to keep the home-baked goodies warm, a black girl doing the family laundry, a black mother and child picking cotton to be made into clothes for the family, and a Jewish or an Italian daughter in a sweatshop making “ladies” dresses or artificial flowers for the family to purchase.”
—Stephanie Coontz (20th century)
“Physically there is nothing to distinguish human society from the farm-yard except that children are more troublesome and costly than chickens and calves and that men and women are not so completely enslaved as farm stock.”
—George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950)
“I have no doubt but that the misery of the lower classes will be found to abate whenever the Government assumes a freer aspect and the laws favor a subdivision of Property.”
—James Madison (1751–1836)