Indian Rhinoceros - Threats

Threats

Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some military officers in Assam individually shot more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in Kaziranga had decreased to around 12 individuals. In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.

Poaching for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary. By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there.

In 1950, Chitwan’s forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. The Chitwan population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching: in 2002 alone, poachers have killed 37 animals cruelly in order to saw off and sell their valuable horns.

Six methods of killing rhinos have been recorded:

• Shooting is by far the most common method used; rhino horn traders hire sharpshooters and often supply them with rifles and ammunition.
• Trapping in a pit depends largely on the terrain and availability of grass to cover it; pits are dug out in such a way that a fallen animal has little room to manoeuvre with its head slightly above the pit, so that it is easy to saw off the horn.
• Electrocuting is used where high voltage powerlines pass through or near a protected area, to which poachers hook a long insulated rod connected to a wire, which is suspended above a rhino path.
• Poisoning by smearing zinc phosphide rat poison or pesticides on salt licks frequently used by rhinos.
• Spearing has only been recorded in Chitwan National Park.
• With a noose, which cuts through the rhino's skin and kills it by strangulation.

Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in Traditional Chinese Medicine has remained a constant and has led to decreases in several important populations. Apart from this, there have been serious declines in quality of habitat in some areas, due to

• severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations;
• demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels;
• grazing by domestic livestock.

The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park. Any catastrophic event such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, habitat loss would have a devastating impact on the Indian rhino's status. On the other hand, small population of rhinos may be prone to in-breeding depression.