Classes of HDACs in Higher Eukaryotes
HDACs, are classified in four classes depending on sequence identity and domain organization:
| Class | Members | Catalytic sites | Subcellular localization | Tissue distribution | Substrates | Binding partners | Knockout phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | HDAC1 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | Androgen receptor, SHP, p53, MyoD, E2F1, STAT3 | – | embryonic lethal, increased histone acetylation, increase in p21 and p27 |
| HDAC2 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | Glucocorticoid receptor, YY1, BCL6, STAT3 | – | Cardiac defect | |
| HDAC3 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous | SHP, YY1, GATA1, RELA, STAT3, MEF2D | – | – | |
| HDAC8 | 1 | Nucleus | Ubiquitous? | – | EST1B | – | |
| IIA | HDAC4 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | heart, skeletal muscle, brain | GCMA, GATA1, HP1 | RFXANK | Defects in chondrocyte differentiation |
| HDAC5 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | heart, skeletal muscle, brain | GCMA, SMAD7, HP1 | REA, estrogen receptor | Cardiac defect | |
| HDAC7 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm / mitochondria | heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, placenta | PLAG1, PLAG2 | HIF1A, BCL6, endothelin receptor, ACTN1, ACTN4, androgen receptor, Tip60 | Maintenance of vascular integrity, increase in MMP10 | |
| HDAC9 | 1 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | brain, skeletal muscle | – | FOXP3 | Cardiac defect | |
| IIB | HDAC6 | 2 | Mostly cytoplasm | heart, liver, kidney, placenta | α-Tubulin, HSP90, SHP, SMAD7 | RUNX2 | – |
| HDAC10 | 1 | Mostly cytoplasm | liver, spleen, kidney | – | – | – | |
| III | sirtuins in mammals (SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sir2 in the yeast S. cerevisiae | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| IV | HDAC11 | 2 | Nucleus / cytoplasm | brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney | – | – | – |
HDAC (except class III) contain zinc and are known as Zn-dependent histone deacetylases.
Read more about this topic: Histone Deacetylase
Famous quotes containing the words classes of, classes and/or higher:
“There are four classes of idols which beset men’s minds. To these for distinction’s sake I have assigned names—calling the first class Idols of the Tribe; the second, Idols of the Cave; the third, Idols of the Market-Place; the fourth, Idols of the Theatre.”
—Francis Bacon (1561–1626)
“... too much attention is paid to dress by those who have neither the excuse of ample means nor of social claims.... The injury done by this state of things to the morals and the manners of our lower classes is incalculable.”
—Mrs. H. O. Ward (1824–1899)
“This might be the end of the world. If Joe lost we were back in slavery and beyond help. It would all be true, the accusations that we were lower types of human beings. Only a little higher than apes. True that we were stupid and ugly and lazy and dirty and, unlucky and worst of all, that God Himself hated us and ordained us to be hewers of wood and drawers of water, forever and ever, world without end.”
—Maya Angelou (b. 1928)