Hero and Leander - Cultural References

Cultural References

The myth of Hero and Leander has been used extensively in literature and the arts:

• Septimius Severus A coin of abydos
• Ovid treated the narrative in his Heroides, 18 and 19, an exchange of letters between the lovers. Leander has been unable to swim across to Hero in her tower because of bad weather; her summons to him to make the effort will prove fatal to her lover.
• Francisco Quevedo mentions Leander in "En crespa tempestad del oro undoso"
• Byzantine poet Musaeus also wrote a poem; Aldus Manutius made it one of his first publications (c. 1493) after he set up his famous printing press in Venice (his humanistic aim was to make Ancient Greek Literature available to scholars). Musaeus's poem had early translations into European languages by Tasso (Italian), Boscán (Spanish) and Marot (French). This poem was widely believed in the Renaissance to have been pre-Homeric: George Chapman reflects at the end of his completion of Marlowe's version that the dead lovers had the honour of being 'the first that ever poet sung’. Chapman's 1616 translation has the title The divine poem of Musaeus. First of all bookes. Translated according to the original, by Geo: Chapman. Staplyton, the mid-17th century translator, had read Scaliger's repudiation of this mistaken belief, but still could not resist citing Virgil's 'Musaeum ante omnes' (Aeneid VI, 666) on the title page of his translation (Virgil's reference was to an earlier Musaeus).
• Renaissance poet Christopher Marlowe began an expansive version of the narrative. His story does not get as far as Leander's nocturnal swim, and the guiding lamp that gets extinguished, but ends after the two have become lovers (Hero and Leander (poem));
• George Chapman completed Marlowe's poem after Marlowe's death; this version was often reprinted in the first half of the 17th century, with editions in 1598 (Linley); 1600 and 1606 (Flasket); 1609, 1613, 1617, 1622 (Blount); 1629 (Hawkins); and 1637 (Leake).
• Sir Walter Ralegh alludes to the story, in his 'The Ocean's Love to Cynthia', in which Hero has fallen asleep, and fails to keep alight the lamp that guides Leander on his swim (more kindly versions, like Chapman's, have her desperately struggling to keep the lamp burning).
• Shakespeare also alludes to this story in the opening scene of Two Gentlemen of Verona, in a dialogue between Valentine and Proteus (the two gentlemen in the play):

VALENTINE- And on a love-book pray for my success?

PROTEUS- Upon some book I love I'll pray for thee.

VALENTINE- That's on some shallow story of deep love: How young Leander cross'd the Hellespont.

PROTEUS- That's a deep story of a deeper love: For he was more than over shoes in love.

VALENTINE- 'Tis true; for you are over boots in love, And yet you never swum the Hellespont.

Hero and Leander are again mentioned in Act III Scene I when Valentine is tutoring the Duke of Milan on how to woo the lady from Milan.

• Ben Jonson's play Bartholomew Fair features a puppet show of Hero and Leander in Act V, translated to London, with the Thames serving as the Hellespont between the lovers.
• It is also the subject of a novel by Milorad Pavić, Inner Side of the Wind;
• Leander is also the subject of Sonnet XXIX by Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega of the 16th Century;
• In the collection of short stories and essays by Lafcadio Hearn, In Ghostly Japan, the author is told the popular story of a girl that swims to her lover guided by a lantern, and he comments on the similarities with the western story: "—"So," I said to myself, "in the Far East, it is poor Hero that does the swimming. And what, under such circumstances, would have been the Western estimate of Leander?" ";
• The story has also been briefly alluded to in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, both when Benedick states that Leander was "never so truly turned over and over as my poor self in love" and in the name of the character Hero, who, despite accusations to the contrary, remains chaste before her marriage. It was also briefly alluded to in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream in the form of a malapropism accidentally using the names Helen and Limander in the place of Hero and Leander. The most famous Shakespearean allusion is, however, the debunking one by Rosalind, in Act IV scene I of As You Like It:

"Leander, he would have lived many a fair year, though Hero had turned nun, if it had not been for a hot midsummer night; for, good youth, he went but forth to wash him in the Hellespont and being taken with the cramp was drowned and the foolish coroners of that age found it was 'Hero of Sestos.' But these are all lies: men have died from time to time and worms have eaten them, but not for love."

• Leander is mentioned in Dion Boucicault's play 'The Colleen Bawn'. Corrigan refers to Hardress Cregan and his nocturnal boat rides to his secret wife as being, 'like Leander, barring the wetting'
• The myth is central to John Keats' 1817 sonnet, "On an Engraved Gem of Leander."
• Myths and Hymns, by Adam Guettel, contains a song titled after the pair.
• Robert Schumann is said to have perceived his "In der Nacht" from Phantasiestücke as depecting the story of Hero and Leandros.
• Franz Liszt used the story of Hero and Leander as a basis for his Second Ballade, S. 171. He applies his technique of thematic transformation to the theme of the opening, which represents Leander swimming across the Hellenspont; in the coda, the same theme is modally and rhythmically transformed, now serving as an elegy evoking Leander's funeral.
• Franz Grillparzer's 1831 tragedy Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen is based on the tale.
• Friedrich Schiller wrote the ballad Hero und Leander based on the tale.
• Georg Friedrich Handel's 1707 solo cantata in Italian, Ero e Leandro (HWV 150), is based on the tale.
• Diana Wynne Jones's meta-fantasy novel Fire and Hemlock makes and early reference to Hero and Leander, both to foreshadow the plot and as a namesake for the heroine's alter-ego.
• Rudyard Kipling started his poem "A Song of Travel" with words: "Where's the lamp that Hero lit / Once to call Leander home?"