R1b1a2 (R-M269)
R1b1a2 (2011 name) is defined by the presence of SNP marker M269. R1b1a2* or M269(xL23) is found at highest frequency in the central Balkans notably Kosovo with 7.9%, Macedonia 5.1% and Serbia 4.4%. Kosovo is notable in also having a high percentage of descendant L23* or L23(xM412) at 11.4% unlike most other areas with significant percentages of M269* and L23* except for Poland with 2.4% and 9.5% and the Bashkirs of southeast Bashkortostan with 2.4% and 32.2% respectively. Notably this Bashkir population also has a high percentage of M269 sister branch M73 at 23.4%. Five individuals out of 110 tested in the Ararat Valley, Armenia belonged to R1b1a2* and 36 to L23*, with none belonging to subclades of L23.
European R1b is dominated by R-M269. It has been found at generally low frequencies throughout central Eurasia, but with relatively high frequency among Bashkirs of the Perm Region (84.0%). This marker is also present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in various regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.
The frequency is about 71% in Scotland, 70% in Spain and 60% in France. In south-eastern England the frequency of this clade is about 70%; in parts of the rest of north and western England, Spain, Portugal, Wales and Ireland, it is as high as 90%; and in parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%. It is also found in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.
From 2003 to 2005 what is now R1b1a2 was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008 it was R1b1c. From 2008 to 2011 it was R1b1b2.
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As discussed above, in articles published around 2000 it was proposed that this clade been in Europe before the last Ice Age, but by 2010 more recent periods such as the European Neolithic have become the focus of proposals. A range of newer estimates for R1b1b2, or at least its dominant parts in Europe, are from 4,000 to a maximum of about 10,000 years ago, and looking in more detail is seen as suggesting a migration from Western Asia via southeastern Europe. Western European R1b is dominated by R-P310.
It was also in this period between 2000 and 2010 that it became clear that especially Western European R1b is dominated by specific sub-clades of R-M269 (with some small amounts of other types found in areas such as Sardinia). Within Europe, R-M269 is dominated by R-M412, also known as R-L51, which according to Myres et al. (2010) is "virtually absent in the Near East, the Caucasus and West Asia." This Western European population is further divided between R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21, which appear to spread from the western and eastern Rhine river basin respectively. Myres et al. note further that concerning its closest relatives, in R-L23*, that it is "instructive" that these are often more than 10% of the population in the Caucasus, Turkey, and some southeast European and circum-Uralic populations. In Western Europe it is also present but in generally much lower levels apart from "an instance of 27% in Switzerland's Upper Rhone Valley." In addition, the sub-clade distribution map, Figure 1h titled "L11(xU106,S116)", in Myres et al. shows that R-P310/L11* (or as yet undefined subclades of R-P310/L11) occurs only in frequencies greater than 10% in Central England with surrounding areas of England and Wales having lower frequencies. This R-P310/L11* is almost non-existent in the rest of Eurasia and North Africa with the exception of coastal lands fringing the western and southern Baltic (reaching 10% in Eastern Denmark and 6% in northern Poland) and in Eastern Switzerland and surrounds.
In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in Ergolding (Bavaria, Germany) dated to around 670 AD yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in Haplogroup G2a.
Population studies which test for M269 have become more common in recent years, while in earlier studies men in this haplogroup are only visible in the data by extrapolation of what is likely. The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia as far as China and Nepal.
| Country | Sampling | sample | R-M269 | Source |
| Wales | National | 65 | 92.3% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Spain | Basques | 116 | 87.1% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Ireland | National | 796 | 85.4% | Moore et al. (2006) |
| Spain | Catalonia | 80 | 81.3% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Ille-et-Vilaine | 82 | 80.5% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Haute-Garonne | 57 | 78.9% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| England | Cornwall | 64 | 78.1% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Loire-Atlantique | 48 | 77.1% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Finistère | 75 | 76.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Basques | 61 | 75.4% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Spain | East Andalucia | 95 | 72.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Spain | Castilla La Mancha | 63 | 72.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Vendée | 50 | 68.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| France | Baie de Somme | 43 | 62.8% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| England | Leicestershire | 43 | 62.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Italy | North-East (Ladin) | 79 | 60.8% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Spain | Galicia | 88 | 58.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Spain | West Andalucia | 72 | 55.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Portugal | South | 78 | 46.2% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Italy | North-West | 99 | 45.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Denmark | National | 56 | 42.9% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Netherlands | National | 84 | 42.0% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Italy | North East | 67 | 41.8% | Battaglia et al. (2008) |
| Russia | Bashkirs | 471 | 34.40% | Lobov (2009) |
| Germany | Bavaria | 80 | 32.3% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Italy | West Sicily | 122 | 30.3% | Di Gaetano et al. (2009) |
| Poland | National | 110 | 22.7% | Myres et al. (2007) |
| Slovenia | National | 75 | 21.3% | Battaglia et al. (2008) |
| Slovenia | National | 70 | 20.6% | Balaresque et al. (2009) |
| Turkey | Central | 152 | 19.1% | Cinnioğlu et al. (2004) |
| Republic of Macedonia | National | 64 | 18.8% | Battaglia et al. (2008) |
| Italy | East Sicily | 114 | 18.4% | Di Gaetano et al. (2009) |
| Crete | National | 193 | 17.0% | King et al. (2008) |
| Italy | Sardinia | 930 | 17.0% | Contu et al. (2008) |
| Iran | North | 33 | 15.2% | Regueiro et al. (2006) |
| Moldova | 268 | 14.6% | Varzari (2006) | |
| Greece | National | 171 | 13.5% | King et al. (2008) |
| Turkey | West | 163 | 13.5% | Cinnioğlu et al. (2004) |
| Romania | National | 54 | 13.0% | Varzari (2006) |
| Turkey | East | 208 | 12.0% | Cinnioğlu et al. (2004) |
| Algeria | Northwest (Oran area) | 102 | 11.8% | Robino et al. (2008) |
| Russia | Roslavl | 107 | 11.2% | Balanovsky et al. (2008) |
| Iraq | National | 139 | 10.8% | Al-Zahery et al. (2003) |
| Nepal | Newar | 66 | 10.60% | Gayden et al. (2007) |
| Serbia | National | 100 | 10.0% | Belaresque et al. (2009) |
| Tunisia | Tunis | 139 | 7.2% | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Algeria | Algiers, Tizi Ouzou | 46 | 6.5% | Adams et al. (2008) |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina | Serb | 81 | 6.2% | Marjanovic et al. (2005) |
| Iran | South | 117 | 6.0% | Regueiro et al. (2006) |
| Russia | Repievka | 96 | 5.2% | Balanovsky et al. (2008) |
| UAE | 164 | 3.7% | Cadenas et al. (2007) | |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina | Bosniak | 85 | 3.5% | Marjanovic et al. (2005) |
| Pakistan | 176 | 2.8% | Sengupta et al. (2006) | |
| Russia | Belgorod | 143 | 2.8% | Balanovsky et al. (2008) |
| Russia | Ostrov | 75 | 2.7% | Balanovsky et al. (2008) |
| Russia | Pristen | 45 | 2.2% | Balanovsky et al. (2008) |
| Bosnia-Herzegovina | Croat | 90 | 2.2% | Marjanovic et al. (2005) |
| Qatar | 72 | 1.4% | Cadenas et al. (2007) | |
| China | 128 | 0.8% | Sengupta et al. (2006) | |
| India | various | 728 | 0.5% | Sengupta et al. (2006) |
| Croatia | Osijek | 29 | 0.0% | Battaglia et al. (2008) |
| Yemen | 62 | 0.0% | Cadenas et al. (2007) | |
| Tibet | 156 | 0.0% | Gayden et al. (2007) | |
| Nepal | Tamang | 45 | 0.0% | Gayden et al. (2007) |
| Nepal | Kathmandu | 77 | 0.0% | Gayden et al. (2007) |
| Japan | 23 | 0.0% | Sengupta et al. (2006) |
Read more about this topic: Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA), R1b (R-M343), R1b1a (R-P297)