Grammatical Conjugation - Examples

Examples

Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms, although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Afrikaans, Norwegian and Swedish have gone even further and virtually abandoned verb conjugation altogether. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek. This is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English thou-form, or have additional meanings, like the English you-form, which can also stand for second person singular or be impersonal.

"To be" in several Indo-European languages
Branch Language Present
infinitive
Present indicative
Singular persons Plural persons
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Germanic English be am are
art1
be'st1
is are
German sein bin bist ist sind seid sind
Dutch zijn ben bent
zijt2
is zijn zijn
zijt2
zijn
Afrikaans wees is
Icelandic vera er ert er erum eruð eru
Norwegian være er
Swedish vara är är(o)
Italic Latin esse sum es est sumus estis sunt
Italian essere sono sei è siamo siete sono
French être suis es est sommes êtes sont
Catalan ser sóc ets és som sou són
Spanish ser soy eres es somos sois son
Portuguese ser sou és é somos sois são
Friulian jessi soi sês è sin sês son
Romanian fi sunt ești este suntem sunteți sunt
Celtic Irish bheith bím bíonn bíonn bímid bíonn bíonn
Welsh (standard form) bod rydw i rwyt ti mae e/hi (he/she is) rydych chi rydyn ni maen nhw
Greek Ancient3
εἶναι
eînai
εἰμί
eimí
εἶ
ἐστί
estí
ἐσμέν
esmén
ἐστέ
esté
εἰσί
eisí
Modern
none4 είμαι
eímai
είσαι
eísai
είναι
eínai
είμαστε
eímaste
είσ(ασ)τε
eís(as)te
είναι
eínai
Albanian jam je është jemi jeni janë
Armenian Western
ըլլալ
ĕllal
Եմ
em
ես
es
է
ē
ենք
enk‘
էք
ēk‘
են
en
Eastern
լինե
linel
Եմ
em
ես
es
է
ē
ենք
enk‘
եք
ek‘
են
en
Slavic Czech být jsem jsi je jsme jste jsou
Slovak byť som si je sme ste
Polish być jestem jesteś jest jesteśmy jesteście
Russian
быть
byt'
-7 -7 есть
jest'
-7 -7 -7
Serbian бити
biti
јесам
jesam
јеси
jesi
јест(е)
jest(e)
јесмо
jesmo
јесте
jeste
јесу
jesu
Serbian none сам
sam
си
si
је
je
смо
smo
сте
ste
су
su
Croatian biti jesam jesi jest(e) jesmo jeste jesu
Croatian none sam si je smo ste su
Slovenian biti sem si je smo ste so
Bulgarian
none съм
săm
си
si
е
e
сме
sme
сте
ste
са
Macedonian
none сум
sum
си
si
е
e
сме
sme
сте
ste
се
se
Baltic Latvian būt esmu esi ir esam esat ir
Lithuanian būti esu esi yra esame esate yra
Indo-Iranian Persian būdan hastam
-am
hasti
-i
hast
ast, -e
hastim
-im
hastid
-id
hastand
-and
Sanskrit asmi asi asti smah sth santi
Hindi hũũ ho hai hãĩ ho hãĩ

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