Examples
Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms, although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Afrikaans, Norwegian and Swedish have gone even further and virtually abandoned verb conjugation altogether. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek. This is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English thou-form, or have additional meanings, like the English you-form, which can also stand for second person singular or be impersonal.
Branch | Language | Present infinitive |
Present indicative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular persons | Plural persons | ||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
Germanic | English | be | am | are art1 be'st1 |
is | are | |||
German | sein | bin | bist | ist | sind | seid | sind | ||
Dutch | zijn | ben | bent zijt2 |
is | zijn | zijn zijt2 |
zijn | ||
Afrikaans | wees | is | |||||||
Icelandic | vera | er | ert | er | erum | eruð | eru | ||
Norwegian | være | er | |||||||
Swedish | vara | är | är(o) | ||||||
Italic | Latin | esse | sum | es | est | sumus | estis | sunt | |
Italian | essere | sono | sei | è | siamo | siete | sono | ||
French | être | suis | es | est | sommes | êtes | sont | ||
Catalan | ser | sóc | ets | és | som | sou | són | ||
Spanish | ser | soy | eres | es | somos | sois | son | ||
Portuguese | ser | sou | és | é | somos | sois | são | ||
Friulian | jessi | soi | sês | è | sin | sês | son | ||
Romanian | fi | sunt | ești | este | suntem | sunteți | sunt | ||
Celtic | Irish | bheith | bím | bíonn | bíonn | bímid | bíonn | bíonn | |
Welsh (standard form) | bod | rydw i | rwyt ti | mae e/hi (he/she is) | rydych chi | rydyn ni | maen nhw | ||
Greek | Ancient3 |
εἶναι eînai |
εἰμί eimí |
εἶ eî |
ἐστί estí |
ἐσμέν esmén |
ἐστέ esté |
εἰσί eisí |
|
Modern |
none4 | είμαι eímai |
είσαι eísai |
είναι eínai |
είμαστε eímaste |
είσ(ασ)τε eís(as)te |
είναι eínai |
||
Albanian | jam | je | është | jemi | jeni | janë | |||
Armenian | Western |
ըլլալ ĕllal |
Եմ em |
ես es |
է ē |
ենք enk‘ |
էք ēk‘ |
են en |
|
Eastern |
լինե linel |
Եմ em |
ես es |
է ē |
ենք enk‘ |
եք ek‘ |
են en |
||
Slavic | Czech | být | jsem | jsi | je | jsme | jste | jsou | |
Slovak | byť | som | si | je | sme | ste | sú | ||
Polish | być | jestem | jesteś | jest | jesteśmy | jesteście | są | ||
Russian |
быть byt' |
-7 | -7 | есть jest' |
-7 | -7 | -7 | ||
Serbian | бити biti |
јесам jesam |
јеси jesi |
јест(е) jest(e) |
јесмо jesmo |
јесте jeste |
јесу jesu |
||
Serbian | none | сам sam |
си si |
је je |
смо smo |
сте ste |
су su |
||
Croatian | biti | jesam | jesi | jest(e) | jesmo | jeste | jesu | ||
Croatian | none | sam | si | je | smo | ste | su | ||
Slovenian | biti | sem | si | je | smo | ste | so | ||
Bulgarian |
none | съм săm |
си si |
е e |
сме sme |
сте ste |
са să |
||
Macedonian |
none | сум sum |
си si |
е e |
сме sme |
сте ste |
се se |
||
Baltic | Latvian | būt | esmu | esi | ir | esam | esat | ir | |
Lithuanian | būti | esu | esi | yra | esame | esate | yra | ||
Indo-Iranian | Persian | būdan | hastam -am |
hasti -i |
hast ast, -e |
hastim -im |
hastid -id |
hastand -and |
|
Sanskrit | asmi | asi | asti | smah | sth | santi | |||
Hindi | hũũ | ho | hai | hãĩ | ho | hãĩ |
Read more about this topic: Grammatical Conjugation
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“No rules exist, and examples are simply life-savers answering the appeals of rules making vain attempts to exist.”
—André Breton (18961966)