Grammatical Aspect - Terms For Various Aspects

Terms For Various Aspects

The following aspectual terms are found in the literature. Approximate English equivalents are given.

  • Perfective: 'I struck the bell' (an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence)
  • Momentane: 'The mouse squeaked once' (contrasted to 'The mouse squeaked / was squeaking')
  • Perfect (a common conflation of aspect and tense): 'I have arrived' (brings attention to the consequences of a situation in the past)
    • Recent perfect, also known as after perfect: 'I just ate' or 'I am after eating' (Hiberno-English)
  • Prospective (a conflation of aspect and tense): 'I am about to eat', 'I am going to eat" (brings attention to the anticipation of a future situation)
  • Imperfective (an action with ongoing nature: combines the meanings of both the continuous and the habitual aspects): 'I am walking to work' (continuous) or 'I walk to work every day' (habitual).
  • Continuous: 'I am eating' or 'I know' (situation is described as ongoing and either evolving or unevolving; a subtype of imperfective)
  • Progressive: 'I am eating' (action is described as ongoing and evolving; a subtype of continuous)
  • Stative: 'I know French' (situation is described as ongoing but not evolving; a subtype of continuous)
  • Habitual: 'I used to walk home from work', 'I would walk home from work every day', 'I walk home from work every day' (a subtype of imperfective)
  • Gnomic/generic: 'Fish swim and birds fly' (general truths)
  • Episodic: 'The bird flew' (non-gnomic)
  • Continuative aspect: 'I am still eating'
  • Inceptive or ingressive: 'I started to run' (beginning of a new action: dynamic)
  • Inchoative: 'The flowers started to bloom' (beginning of a new state: static)
  • Terminative ~ cessative: 'I finished my meal'
  • Defective: 'I almost fell'
  • Pausative: 'I stopped working for a while'
  • Resumptive: 'I resumed sleeping'
  • Punctual: 'I slept'
  • Durative: 'I slept for a while'
  • Delimitative: 'I slept for an hour'
  • Protractive: 'The argument went on and on'
  • Iterative: 'I read the same books again and again'
  • Frequentative: 'It sparkled', contrasted with 'It sparked'. Or, 'I run around', vs. 'I run'
  • Experiential: 'I have gone to school many times'
  • Intentional: 'I listened carefully'
  • Accidental: 'I accidentally knocked over the chair'
  • Intensive: 'It glared'
  • Moderative: 'It shone'
  • Attenuative: 'It glimmered'

Read more about this topic:  Grammatical Aspect

Famous quotes containing the words terms and/or aspects:

    The great pagan world of which Egypt and Greece were the last living terms ... once had a vast and perhaps perfect science of its own, a science in terms of life. In our era this science crumbled into magic and charlatanry. But even wisdom crumbles.
    —D.H. (David Herbert)

    I suppose an entire cabinet of shells would be an expression of the whole human mind; a Flora of the whole globe would be so likewise, or a history of beasts; or a painting of all the aspects of the clouds. Everything is significant.
    Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)