Government and Binding Theory - Binding

Binding

Binding can be defined as follows:

• An element α binds an element β if and only if α c-commands β, and α and β corefer.

Consider the sentence "John_i saw his_i mother." which is diagrammed below using simple phrase structure rules.

The NP "John" c-commands "his" because the first parent of the NP, S, contains "his". "John" and "his" are also coreferential (they refer to the same person), therefore "John" binds "his".

On the other hand, in the ungrammatical sentence "*The mother of John_i likes himself_i", "John" does not c-command "himself", so they have no binding relationship despite the fact that they corefer.

The importance of binding is shown in the grammaticality of the following sentences:

1. *John_i saw him_i.
2. John_i saw himself_i.
3. *Himself_i saw John_i.
4. *John_i saw John_i.

Binding is used, along with particular binding principles, to explain the ungrammaticality of those statements. The applicable rules are called Binding Principle A, Binding Principle B, and Binding Principle C.

• Principle A: an anaphor (reflexive or reciprocal, such as "each other") must be bound in its governing category (roughly, the clause).

Since "himself" is not c-commanded by "John" in sentence, Principle A is violated.

• Principle B: a pronoun must be free (i.e., not bound) within its governing category (roughly, the clause).

In sentence, "him" is bound by "John", violating Principle B.

• Principle C: an R-expression must be free (i.e., not bound). R-expressions (e.g. "the dog" or "John") are referential expressions: unlike pronouns and anaphora, they independently refer, i.e., pick out entities in the world.

In sentence, the first instance of "John" binds the second, violating Principle C.

Note that Principles A and B refer to "governing categories"--domains which limit the scope of binding. The definition of a governing category laid out in Lectures on Government and Binding is complex, but in most cases the governing category is essentially the minimal clause or complex NP.