Solutions
- Objective-C has categories as well as non-fragile instance variables.
- Component Pascal deprecates superclass calls.
- Java allows inheritance to be prohibited by labeling the class declaration with the keyword "final". In the book Effective Java, author Joshua Bloch writes (in item 17) that programmers should "Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it".
- C# and VB.NET like Java have "sealed" and "Not Inheritable" class declaration keywords to prohibit inheritance.
Read more about this topic: Fragile Base Class
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