Rules
There are many variations of four fours; their primary difference is which mathematical symbols are allowed. Essentially all variations at least allow addition ("+"), subtraction ("−"), multiplication ("×"), division ("÷"), and parentheses, as well as concatenation (e.g., "44" is allowed). Most also allow the factorial ("!"), exponentiation (e.g. "444"), the decimal point (".") and the square root ("√") operation, although sometimes square root is specifically excluded on the grounds that there is an implied "2" for the second root. Other operations allowed by some variations include subfactorial, ("!" before the number: !4 equals 9), overline (an infinitely repeated digit), an arbitrary root power, the gamma function (Γ, where Γ(x) = (x − 1)!), and percent ("%"). Thus 4/4% = 100 and Γ(4)=6. A common use of the overline in this problem is for this value:
Typically the "log" operators are not allowed, since there is a way to trivially create any number using them. Paul Bourke credits Ben Rudiak-Gould with this description of how natural logarithms (ln) can be used to represent any positive integer n as:
Additional variants (usually no longer called "four fours") replace the set of digits ("4, 4, 4, 4") with some other set of digits, say of the birthyear of someone. For example, a variant using "1975" would require each expression to use one 1, one 9, one 7, and one 5.
Read more about this topic: Four Fours
Famous quotes containing the word rules:
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—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“Those rules of old discovered, not devised,
Are Nature sill, but Nature methodized;
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—Alexander Pope (1688–1744)