Foreign Relations of Canada - Bilateral Relations

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.

• Canada’s first Ambassador to Buenos Aires, began his assignment in 1945.
• Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and two consulates-general (in Montreal and Toronto).
• Canada has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
• Both countries are members of the Organization of American States and the Cairns Group.
• List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Canada (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)
• Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Argentina

• The Canadian Embassy in Moscow is accredited to Armenia. Canada has an honorary consul in Yerevan.
• Armenia opened an embassy in Ottawa in 1995.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Armenian

• Government of Canada – Canada-Australia relations

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.

• Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions (Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels.
• Canada maintains an embassy in Brussels (which also covers Luxembourg). Canada also has a consulate in Antwerp, and Quebec maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium.
• Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, La Francophonie, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Brazil-Canada relations have been cordial but relatively limited, although the relationship between the two countries has been gradually evolving over time.

• Brunei has its high commission in Ottawa
• Canada has its high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan
• Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations

• Bulgaria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
• Canada has a consulate in Sofia, and is represented through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania) for diplomatic matters. Both countries are members of NATO.
• Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about the relations with Bulgaria

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.

• Parraguez, Maria-Luisa (26 March 2008). "Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254561_index.html.

• Canada has an embassy in Bogotá.
• Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and two Consulates-General (in Montreal and Toronto).
• Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.

• Canada has an embassy in Zagreb.
• Croatia has an embassy in Ottawa, a Consulate-General (in Mississauga) and an honorary consul (in Montreal).
• In September 1993 Canadian peacekeepers in the Balkans encountered Croatian forces engaged in campaign against Serbs in Croatia called Operation Medak Pocket, and claim to have engaged them in a firefight. This version of events is disputed by Croatian media outlets.
• See also Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa, Canadians of Croatian ancestry
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Croatia
• Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Canada

Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

• Canada has an embassy in Havana
• Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the Island's divided status.

Canada has an embassy in Prague. The Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates-general (in Montreal and Toronto) and three honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).

• Government of Canada, Canada - Democratic Republic of Congo Relations
• Embassy of Canada to Congo in Kinshasa
• Embassy of the Democratic Republic of Congo in Ottawa
• Canadian mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Canada has an embassy in Copenhagen.
• Denmark has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
• Both countries are full member of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
• There also more than 200,000 Canadians with Danish ancestry.
• Recent issues between Canada and Denmark involve the claim of Hans Island.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Denmark

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. Canada has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a Consulate-General in Montreal.

• Canada recognised Estonia in 1922 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
• Canada is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Riga (Latvia) and an honorary consul in Tallinn.
• Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa and four honorary consuls (in Montreal, Vancouver, and two in Toronto).
• There are around 22,000 Canadians of Estonian descent.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Estonia
• Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada

• Since 1966, Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
• Ethiopia currently has an embassy in Ottawa.
• The Ethiopian ambassador is also accredited to: Cuba, Jamaica and the International Civil Aviation Organization.

• Canada is represented in Finland through its embassy in Helsinki.
• Finland has an embassy in Ottawa and 13 honorary consuls (in Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, Thunder Bay, Timmins, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg).
• With their 13 consulates across Canada, Finland is the most represented foreign country in Canada.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Finland
• Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Canada

In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.

• Canada is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
• Georgia is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington D.C. (USA).
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Georgia
• Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Canada

• Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg.
• The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an “antenne culturelle” office in Berlin.
• In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.

• The nations first exchanged ambassadors in 1942.
• Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Human Security Network, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and NATO.
• Greece has an embassy in Ottawa, as well as Consulates-General in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.
• Canada has an Embassy with a Consular Office in Athens and an Honorary Consulate in Thessaloniki.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece
• Greek Ministry of Foreign Affaires about relations with Canada

• In 1964 Canada opened the Commission of Canada in Georgetown, Guyana. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission.
• There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a Consulate in Toronto.
• Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the Commonwealth of Nations.
• The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Guyanese police work closely to help with drug, and human smuggling.

During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid the Haiti, the poorest country in the western hemisphere.

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territorially established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s.

• Canada has an embassy in Budapest.
• Hungary has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate-general in Toronto and six honorary consuls (in Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg and two in Vancouver).
• Both countries are full members of NATO.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Hungary

• Iceland's first honorary consulate was established in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1942. In May 2001, Iceland opened an embassy in Ottawa and upgraded its honorary consulate in Winnipeg to a regular consulate.
• In November 2001, Canada opened an embassy in Reykjavik, before then it was represented by their embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consul in Reykjavik.
• Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Arctic Council.
• Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ministry about relations with Iceland

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion. However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan. Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.

• Canada has an embassy in Jakarta.
• Indonesia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
• Both countries are full members of the G-20 major economies, of the Cairns Group and of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Indonesia

Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to Embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012. Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights.

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first Consul General in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

• Canada has an embassy in Rome, and 2 consulates (in Naples and Padova).
• Italy has an embassy in Ottawa, 3 consulates-general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
• Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the G8, and NATO. There are around 1,500,000 people of Italian descent living in Canada.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relation with Italy

• Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a High Commission in Kingston.
• Jamaica has a High Commission in Ottawa.

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; Diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia; and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.

• Canada has an embassy in Almaty.
• Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.

• Canada has a High Commission in Nairobi.
• The High Commission of Kenya in Ottawa is located in the Sandy Hill neighbourhood in the capital.

See also International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.

• Canada re-recognized Latva’s independence on 26 August 1991.
• Canada has an embassy in Riga.
• Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and two honorary consuls in Quebec and Toronto.

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.

• Canada has an embassy office in Vilnius, but the actual embassy is located in Riga (Latvia).
• Lithuania has an embassy in Ottawa and 2 honorary consuls in Montreal and Vancouver.
• Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and of NATO.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Lithuania
• Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list bilateral treaties with Canada in Lithuanian only

• Canada is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium).
• Luxembourg is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (USA), and 4 honorary consulates (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).
• Canada often deals with Luxembourg in tandem with Belgium.
• Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of NATO.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg

• The Republic of Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
• The Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia was opened in Ottawa on 4 June 1997.
• Shortly afterward, the Consulate General was opened in Toronto on 1 September 1997.
• In September 2007, Canada decided to recognize Macedonia under its constitutional name, the "Republic of Macedonia", for bilateral purposes.

• Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur
• Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
• Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Canada-Malaysia not yet have any trading agreements nor they have any plans on negotiating on FTA.

• Mali's embassy in Ottawa was opened in 1978. Canada's embassy opened in Bamako in 1995. Mali also operates honorary consulates in Vancouver, Calgary, Montreal, Quebec City and Fredericton.
• Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in bilateral development aid to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor. Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the railways, telecommunications and hydroelectricity sectors, in the management of government decentralization, in education and health.
• Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako, and has provided Canadian trainers to the school.
• Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, Sadiola and Yatela, are partly owned by Canadian mining company IAMGOLD Corporation, and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007.
• In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali. At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009.
• Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of foreign direct investment.
• Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.

• Canada is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
• Malta is represented in Canada through a non resident ambassador in its embassy in Washington (USA).
• Malta has a General-Consulate in Toronto and two honorary consuls (in Quebec and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador).
• It is to be noted that a rather large Maltese immigrant community exist in Canada.
• Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Malta

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.)

• Canada is represented by its embassy in Mexico City, a consulate-general in Monterrey and a consulate in Guadalajara.
• Mexico is represented by its embassy in Ottawa, with consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and consulates in Calgary and Leamington.
• Both countries are members of NAFTA, APEC, OECD and the G20.

• Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulan Bator.
• Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.

• Canada has an embassy in Rabat.
• Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a general consulate in Montreal.
• Both countries are full members of the Francophonie.
• There are 100,000 people of Moroccan descent living in Canada.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Morocco

• Canada has an embassy in The Hague.
• The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and three Consulates-General in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently Queen Elizabeth II. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.

• Canada has a high commission in Abuja and a deputy high commission on Lagos.
• Nigeria has a high commission in Ottawa.
• Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Jerome Iginla, Hockey player; father is Nigerian, mother is Canadian.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Nigeria

Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.

• Canada has an embassy in Oslo.
• Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and 3 general consulates in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
• Both countries are full members of the Arctic Council, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of NATO and of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

• Canada is represented through its embassy in Islamabad, and consulate in Karachi.
• Pakistan is represented through its embassy in Ottawa.
• Pakistan also has consulates in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver
• The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.
• There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.

See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa

• Canada has an embassy in Panama City.
• Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and general consulates in Montreal and Toronto.
• Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Panama

• Canada is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires (Argentina), and an honorary consulate in Asuncion.
• Paraguay has an embassy in Ottawa.
• Both countries are full members of the Cairns Group and the Organization of American States.
• Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Paraguay
• Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Canada

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent

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