Euler's Four-square Identity

In mathematics, Euler's four-square identity says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of four squares, is itself a sum of four squares. Specifically:

Euler wrote about this identity in a letter dated May 4, 1748 to Goldbach (but he used a different sign convention from the above). It can be proven with elementary algebra and holds in every commutative ring. If the and are real numbers, a more elegant proof is available: the identity expresses the fact that the absolute value of the product of two quaternions is equal to the product of their absolute values, in the same way that the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci two-square identity does for complex numbers.

The identity was used by Lagrange to prove his four square theorem. More specifically, it implies that it is sufficient to prove the theorem for prime numbers, after which the more general theorem follows. The sign convention used above corresponds to the signs obtained by multiplying two quaternions. Other sign conventions can be obtained by changing any to, to, or by changing the signs inside any of the squared terms on the right hand side.

However, a different kind of four-square identity can be given as,

More generally, while Hurwitz's theorem states that an identity of form,

where the are bilinear functions of the and is possible only for n = {1, 2, 4, 8}, the more general Pfister's theorem allows that if the are just rational functions of one set of variables (in this case, the ), hence has a denominator, then it is possible for all .