Energy Current - Energy Current in Electromagnetism

Energy Current in Electromagnetism

A specific use of the concept of energy current was promulgated by Oliver Heaviside in the last quarter of the 19th century. Building on the concept of the Poynting vector, which describes the flow of energy in a transverse electromagnetic wave as the vector product of its electric and magnetic fields (E×H), Heaviside sought to extend this by treating the transfer of energy due to the electric current in a conductor in a similar manner. In doing so he reversed the "normal view" of current, so that the electric and magnetic fields due to the current are the "prime movers", rather than being a result of the motion of the charge in the conductor.

Heaviside's approach had some adherents at the time—enough, certainly, to quarrel with the "traditionalists" in print. However, the "energy current" view presented a number of difficulties, most notably that in asserting that the energy flowed in the electric and magnetic fields around the conductor the theory is unable to explain why the charge appears to flow in the conductor.

After the discovery of the electron in 1897, the Drude model, which describes electrical conduction in metals, was developed very quickly. By associating the somewhat abstract concept of moving charge with the rather more concrete motion of the charged electrons, the Drude model effectively deals with the traditional "charge current" and the Heaviside "energy current" views simultaneously. With this achievement of "unification", the energy current approach has largely lost favour, because in omitting the concepts related to conduction it has no direct model for (for example) Ohm's Law. In consequence it is less convenient to use than the "traditional" charge current approach, which defines the concepts of current, voltage, resistance, etc., as commonly used for electrical work.

Poynting-flow diagrams are useful in antenna design, but rare in other texts.