An electromagnetic pulse (commonly abbreviated EMP) is a burst of electromagnetic radiation. The abrupt pulse of electromagnetic radiation usually results from certain types of high energy explosions, especially a nuclear explosion, or from a suddenly fluctuating magnetic field. The resulting rapidly-changing electric fields and magnetic fields may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges.
In military terminology, a nuclear warhead detonated hundreds of kilometers above the Earth's surface is known as a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) device. Effects of a HEMP device depend on a very large number of factors, including the altitude of the detonation, energy yield, gamma ray output, interactions with the Earth's magnetic field, and electromagnetic shielding of targets.
Read more about Electromagnetic Pulse: History, Characteristics of Nuclear EMP, Practical Considerations For Nuclear EMP, Generation of Nuclear EMP, Non-nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse, Post–Cold War Nuclear EMP Attack Scenarios, Clarification of Common Misconceptions
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