Egyptian Calendar - Reformed Calendar

Reformed Calendar

The reformed Egyptian calendar continues to be used in Egypt as the Coptic calendar of the Egyptian Church and by the Egyptian populace at large, particularly the fellahin, to calculate the agricultural seasons. Contemporary Egyptian farmers, like their ancient predecessors, divide the year into three seasons, namely winter, summer and inundation. It is also associated with local festivals such as the annual Flooding of the Nile and the ancient Spring festival sham en nisim.

The Ethiopian calendar is based on this reformed calendar but uses Amharic names for its months and uses a different era. The French Republican Calendar was similar, but began its year at the autumnal equinox. British orrery maker John Gleave represented the Egyptian calendar in a reconstruction of the Antikythera mechanism.

Months
No. Seasonal Names Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Greek Coptic Egyptian Arabic
Latin script Greek script Latin script Arabic script
I First of Akhet Tekh Dhwt Thoth Θώθ Thout Tout توت
II Second of Akhet Menhet Pa-n-ip.t Phaophi Φαωφί/Φαῶφι Paopi Baba بابه
III Third of Akhet Ḥwt-ḥwr Ḥwt-ḥwr Athyr Ἀθύρ Hathor Hatour هاتور
IV Fourth of Akhet Ka-ḥr-ka Ka-ḥr-ka Choiak Χοιάκ/Χοίακ Koiak Kiahk (كياك (كيهك
V First of Peret Sf-bdt Ta-'b Tybi Τυβί/Τῦβι Tobi Touba طوبه
VI Second of Peret Rekh wer Mḫyr Mechir Μεχίρ/Μεχείρ Meshir Amshir أمشير
VII Third of Peret Rekh neds Pa-n-amn-htp.w Phamenoth Φαμενώθ Paremhat Baramhat برمهات
VIII Fourth of Peret Renwet Pa-n-rnn.t Pharmouthi Φαρμουθί/Φαρμοῦθι Paremoude Baramouda برموده
IX First of Shemu Hnsw Pa-n-ḫns.w Pachon Παχών Pashons Bashans بشنس
X Second of Shemu Hnt-htj Pa-n-in.t Payni Παϋνί/Παῦνι Paoni Ba'ouna بئونه
XI Third of Shemu Ipt-hmt Ipip Epiphi Ἐπιφί/Ἐπείφ Epip Abib أبيب
XII Fourth of Shemu Wep-renpet Msw-r' Mesore Μεσορή Mesori Mesra مسرا

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