Calculating EVA
EVA is net operating profit after taxes (or NOPAT) less a capital charge, the latter being the product of the cost of capital and the economic capital. The basic formula is:
where:
- , is the Return on Invested Capital (ROIC);
- is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC);
- is the economic capital employed;
- NOPAT is the net operating profit after tax, with adjustments and translations, generally for the amortization of goodwill, the capitalization of brand advertising and others non-cash items.
EVA Calculation:
EVA = net operating profit after taxes – a capital charge
therefore EVA = NOPAT – (c × capital), or alternatively
EVA = (r x capital) – (c × capital) so that
EVA = (r-c) × capital
where:
r = rate of return, and c = cost of capital, or the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).NOPAT is profits derived from a company’s operations after cash taxes but before financing costs and non-cash bookkeeping entries. It is the total pool of profits available to provide a cash return to those who provide capital to the firm.
Capital is the amount of cash invested in the business, net of depreciation. It can be calculated as the sum of interest-bearing debt and equity or as the sum of net assets less non-interest-bearing current liabilities (NIBCLs).
The capital charge is the cash flow required to compensate investors for the riskiness of the business given the amount of economic capital invested.
The cost of capital is the minimum rate of return on capital required to compensate investors (debt and equity) for bearing risk, their opportunity cost.
Another perspective on EVA can be gained by looking at a firm’s return on net assets (RONA). RONA is a ratio that is calculated by dividing a firm’s NOPAT by the amount of capital it employs (RONA = NOPAT/Capital) after making the necessary adjustments of the data reported by a conventional financial accounting system.
EVA = (RONA – required minimum return) × net investments
If RONA is above the threshold rate, EVA is positive.
Read more about this topic: Economic Value Added
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