Earthly Branches

The Earthly Branches (Chinese: 地支; pinyin: dìzhī; or Chinese: 十二支; pinyin: shí'èrzhī; literally "twelve branches"; or Korean:십이지) provide one Chinese system for reckoning time.

This system was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter. Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections to follow the orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star). Astronomers rounded the orbit of Suixing to 12 years (from 11.86). Suixing was associated with 攝提 Shètí (η Boötis) and sometimes called Sheti.

In correlative thinking, the twelve years of the Jupiter cycle also identify the twelve months of the year, twelve animals (mnemonics for the system), directions, seasons, months, and Chinese hour in the form of double-hours. When a Branch is used for a double hour, the listed periods are meant. When used for an exact time of a day, it is the center of the period. For instance, 午 (the Horse) means noon or a period from 11am to 1pm. (The jie qi system provided single hours and 15-degree arcs in time and space.)

Chinese seasons are based on observations of the sun and stars. Many Chinese calendrical systems have started the new year on the second new moon after the winter solstice.

The Earthly Branches are today used with the Heavenly Stems in the current version of the "traditional calendar" and in Taoism. The Ganzhi (Stem-Branch) combination is a fairly new way to mark time; in the second millennium BC Shang era it was the ten Heavenly Stems that provided the names of the days of the week. The Branches are as old as the Stems (and according to recent archaeology may actually be older), but the Stems were tied to the ritual calendars of Chinese kings. They were not part of the calendrical systems of the majority of Chinese.

Earthly
Branch
Mandarin
name
Cantonese
name
Japanese name Korean
name
Vietnamese
name
Chinese
zodiac
Direction Season Lunar Month Double Hour
On Kun
1 zi2 し(shi) ね(ne) 자 (ja) Rat 0° (north) winter Month 11 11pm to 1am (midnight)
2 chǒu cau2 ちゅう(chū) うし(ushi) 축 (chuk) sửu Ox 30° Month 12 1am to 3am
3 yín jan4 いん(in) とら(tora) 인 (in) dần Tiger 60° spring Month 1 3am to 5am
4 mǎo maau5 ぼう(bō) う(u) 묘 (myo) mão Rabbit 90° (east) Month 2 5am to 7am
5 chén san4 しん(shin) たつ(tatsu) 진 (jin) thìn Dragon 120° Month 3 7am to 9 am
6 zi6 し(shi) み(mi) 사 (sa) tỵ Snake 150° summer Month 4 9am to 11am
7 ng5 ご(go) うま(uma) 오 (o) ngọ Horse 180° (south) Month 5 11am to 1pm (noon)
8 wèi mei6 び (bi) ひつじ(hitsuji) 미 (mi) mùi Goat 210° Month 6 1pm to 3pm
9 shēn san1 しん(shin) さる(saru) 신 (sin) thân Monkey 240° autumn Month 7 3pm to 5pm
10 yǒu jau5 ゆう(yū) とり(tori) 유 (yu) dậu Rooster 270° (west) Month 8 5pm to 7pm
11 seot1 じゅつ(jutsu) いぬ(inu) 술 (sul) tuất Dog 300° Month 9 7pm to 9pm
12 hài hoi6 がい(gai) い(i) 해 (hae) hợi Pig 330° winter Month 10 9pm to 11pm

Some cultures assign different animals: Vietnam replaces the ox, rabbit, and sheep with the water buffalo, cat, and goat respectively; Japan replaces the pig with the wild boar; Tibet replaces the rat, ox, rabbit and rooster with the mouse, bull, hare and bird respectively. In the traditional Kazakh version of the 12-year animal cycle (Kazakh: мүшел, müşel), the dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: ұлу, ulw), and the tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс, barıs).

Read more about Earthly Branches:  Directions

Famous quotes containing the words earthly and/or branches:

    I have done no harm. But I remember now
    I am in this earthly world, where to do harm
    Is often laudable, to good sometimes
    Accounted dangerous folly.
    William Shakespeare (1564–1616)

    It is comforting when one has a sorrow to lie in the warmth of one’s bed and there, abandoning all effort and all resistance, to bury even one’s head under the cover, giving one’s self up to it completely, moaning like branches in the autumn wind. But there is still a better bed, full of divine odors. It is our sweet, our profound, our impenetrable friendship.
    Marcel Proust (1871–1922)