Occurrence
In 1958, domoic acid was originally isolated from the red alga called "doumoi" or "hanayanagi" (Chondria armata) in Japan. "Doumoi" is used as an anthelmintic in Tokunoshima, Kagoshima. Domoic acid is also produced by some diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia and by some strains of the diatom species Nitzschia navis-varingica.
Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries loses most of its ability to produce domoic acid when it is cultured axenically. However, domoic acid production recovers when bacteria from the original culture are reintroduced to axenic cultures, indicating a bacterial association with domoic acid production in this species. Other factors that affect the biosynthesis of domoic acid are reviewed by Bates and Trainer (2006), Trainer et al. (2008), Lelong et al. (2012) and Trainer et al. (2012).
The increasing frequency and geographic extent of toxic algal blooms along populated coastlines is generally attributed to human activities.
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