Compensatory Lengthening - Greek

Greek

Compensatory lengthening is very common in Greek. It is particularly notable in forms where n or nt comes together with s, y (= ι̯), or i. The development of nt + y was perhaps thus:

• *mont-yă → montsa (palatalization ty → ts) → mõtsa (nasalization and vowel lengthening) → mõssa → mõsa (shortening ss → s) → mōsa (denasalization, retention of long vowel) = μοῦσα "muse"

Forms with this type of compensatory lengthening include the nominative singular and dative plural of many participles, adjectives, and nouns, the 3rd person plural ending for present and future active of all verbs, and the 3rd person singular present of athematic verbs:

• *πάντ-ς → πᾶς "every, whole" (masculine nominative singular)
• *πάντ-ι̯ᾰ → *πάντσα → πᾶσα (feminine)
• *πάντ-σι → πᾶσι (masculine/neuter dative plural)
• compare παντ-ός (m./n. genitive singular)

• *όντ-ι̯ᾰ → *όντσα → οὖσα participle "being" (feminine nominative singular)
• *οντ-ίᾱ → *ονσία → οὐσία "property, essence"
• compare ὀντ-ός (m./n. genitive singular, from participle ὤν "being",)

• Doric ἄγ-ο-ντι → ἄγοντσι → Attic/Ionic ἄγουσι "they drive"

• Doric τί-θε-ντι → *τίθεντσι → Attic/Ionic τίθεισι "he/she places"