Citric Acid Cycle - Steps

Steps

Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO2, the energy from these reactions being transferred to other metabolic processes by GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH2. The NADH generated in the TCA cycle may later donate its electrons in oxidative phosphorylation to drive ATP synthesis; FADH2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme functioning both in the TCA cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH2, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.

The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 1 below.

Substrates Products Enzyme Reaction type Comment
1 Oxaloacetate +
Acetyl CoA +
H2O		 Citrate +
CoA-SH		 Citrate synthase Aldol condensation irreversible,
extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule
2 Citrate cis-Aconitate +
H2O		 Aconitase Dehydration reversible isomerisation
3 cis-Aconitate +
H2O		 Isocitrate Hydration
4 Isocitrate +
NAD+		 Oxalosuccinate +
NADH + H +		 Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxidation generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)
5 Oxalosuccinate α-Ketoglutarate +
CO2		 Decarboxylation rate-limiting, irreversible stage,
generates a 5C molecule
6 α-Ketoglutarate +
NAD+ +
CoA-SH		 Succinyl-CoA +
NADH + H+ +
CO2		 α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Oxidative
decarboxylation		 irreversible stage,
generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP),
regenerates the 4C chain (CoA excluded)
7 Succinyl-CoA +
GDP + Pi		 Succinate +
CoA-SH +
GTP		 Succinyl-CoA synthetase substrate-level phosphorylation or ADP→ATP instead of GDP→GTP,
generates 1 ATP or equivalent

Condensation reaction of GDP + Pi and hydrolysis of Succinyl-CoA involve the H2O needed for balanced equation.
8 Succinate +
ubiquinone (Q)		 Fumarate +
ubiquinol (QH2)		 Succinate dehydrogenase Oxidation uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FAD→FADH2 in the first step of the reaction) in the enzyme,
generates the equivalent of 1.5 ATP
9 Fumarate +
H2O		 L-Malate Fumarase Hydration
10 L-Malate +
NAD+		 Oxaloacetate +
NADH + H+		 Malate dehydrogenase Oxidation reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)

Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two succinyl-CoA synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP. Plants have the type that produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase). Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely-associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix.

The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).

Read more about this topic:  Citric Acid Cycle

Famous quotes containing the word steps:

    “History counts its skeletons in round numbers.
    A thousand and one remains a thousand,
    as though the one had never existed:
    an imaginary embryo, an empty cradle,
    ...
    emptiness running down steps toward the garden,
    nobody’s place in line.”
    —Wislawa Szymborska (b. 1923)

    “There must be a solemn and terrible aloneness that comes over the child as he takes those first independent steps. All this is lost to memory and we can only reconstruct it through analogies in later life....To the child who takes his first steps and finds himself walking alone, this moment must bring the first sharp sense of the uniqueness and separateness of his body and his person, the discovery of the solitary self.”
    —Selma H. Fraiberg (20th century)

    “Perhaps of all our untamed quadrupeds, the fox has obtained the widest and most familiar reputation.... His recent tracks still give variety to a winter’s walk. I tread in the steps of the fox that has gone before me by some hours, or which perhaps I have started, with such a tip-toe of expectation as if I were on the trail of the Spirit itself which resides in the wood, and expected soon to catch it in its lair.”
    —Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)