Citation Signal - Supra

Supra (Bluebook Rules 3.5 & 4.2 )

• Supra is used as an internal cross-reference to guide the reader between parts of a document, whether text or footnotes. (Rule 3.5)
• You may combine supra with note, part, p., or pp. to refer to footnotes, parts, or pages within the same piece.
• Use supra when the authority has already been cited in full, and add the short form for that authority. (Rule 4.2)
• Supra may be used alone with the short form, when referring to authority within the same footnote when id. would not be appropriate.
• May combine supra with signals.
• Do not use pp. as part of the short form for any authority.
• Do not use supra with cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials other than hearings, restatements, model codes, or regulations UNLESS the name of the authority is extremely long.
• Supra references (lower numbers before higher numbers);

Example: GINSBURG, supra note 43, at 1485 (citing Gershwin Publ'g Corp. v. Columbia Artists Mgmt., 443 F.2d 1159, 1162 (2d Cir. 1971)).

• Use supra with “note” to indicate a footnote within the same piece (internal cross-reference).
• Notice that you need a comma after the supra clause.
• You may combine supra with a signal and other text.
• The signal would be italicized but the text explaining where to look is in ordinary type.