Forms of The Cross
The cross is often shown in different shapes and sizes, in many different styles. It may be used in personal jewelry, or used on top of church buildings. It is shown both empty and in crucifix form, that is, with a figure of Christ, often referred to as the corpus (Latin for "body"), affixed to it. Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran depictions of the cross are often crucifixes, in order to emphasize that it is Jesus that is important, rather than the cross in isolation. Large crucifixes are a prominent feature of some Lutheran churches, as illustrated in the article Rood. However, some other Protestant traditions depict the cross without the corpus, interpreting this form as an indication of belief in the resurrection rather than as representing the interval between the death and the resurrection of Jesus.
Crosses are a prominent feature of Christian cemeteries, either carved on gravestones or as sculpted stelas. Because of this, planting small crosses is sometimes used in countries of Christian culture to mark the site of fatal accidents, or to protest alleged deaths.
In Catholic countries, crosses are often erected on the peaks of prominent mountains, such as the Zugspitze or Mount Royal, so as to be visible over the entire surrounding area.
Forms of the Christian cross include:
| Image | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Altar cross | A cross on a flat base to rest upon the altar of a church. The earliest known representation of an altar cross appears in a miniature in a 9th-century manuscript. By the 10th century such crosses were in common use, but the earliest extant altar cross is a 12th-century one in the Great Lavra on Mt. Athos. Mass in the Roman Rite requires the presence of a cross (more exactly, a crucifix) "on or close to" the altar. Accordingly, the required cross may rest on the reredos rather than on the altar, or it may be on the wall behind the altar or be suspended above the altar. | |
| Bolnisi cross | Ancient Georgian cross and national symbol from the 4th century AD. | |
| Blessing cross | Used by priests of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches to bestow blessings upon the faithful. | |
| Processional cross | Used to lead religious processions; sometimes, after the procession it is placed behind the altar to serve as an altar cross. | |
| Rood | Large crucifix high in a church; most medieval Western churches had one, often with figures of the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist alongside, and often mounted on a rood screen | |
| Andrew cross | See, below, Saltire. | |
| Coptic ankh | Shaped like the letter T surmounted by an oval or circle. Originally the Egyptian symbol for "life", it was adopted by the Copts (Egyptian Christians). Also called a crux ansata, meaning "cross with a handle". | |
| Anthony's cross | See, below, Tau cross. | |
| Archiepiscopal cross | A double-barred cross carried by an archbishop. | |
| Armenian cross-stone (Khachkar) | A khachkar (cross-stone) is a popular symbol of Armenians. | |
| Calvary cross | Either a stepped cross (see below), or a Gothic-style cross mounted on a base shaped to resemble Calvary (the place where Christ was crucified, pictured as a hill), with the Virgin Mary and Saint John on either the base or crossarms. | |
| Canterbury cross | A cross with four arms of equal length which widen to a hammer shape at the outside ends. Each arm has a triangular panel inscribed in a triquetra (three-cornered knot) pattern. There is a small square panel in the center of the cross. A symbol of the Anglican and Episcopal Churches. | |
| Celtic Cross | Essentially a Latin cross, with a circle enclosing the intersection of the upright and crossbar, as in the standing High crosses. | |
| Consecration cross | One of 12 crosses painted on the walls of a church to mark where it had been anointed during its consecration. | |
| Coptic cross | The original Coptic cross has its origin in the Coptic ankh. | |
| New Coptic Cross | This new Coptic Cross is the cross currently used by the Coptic Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It evolved from the older Coptic Crosses depicted above. A gallery of Coptic Crosses can be found here. | |
| Cross crosslet | This heraldic cross is made from four Latin Crosses arranged at right-angles to each other, with their tops pointing north, south, east and west, traditionally thought to represent the message of the cross going out to the four corners of the earth. The Cross crosslet, like the Jerusalem Cross, is a symbol for world evangelism of the Gospels, which gives an alternative name: Mission Cross. Another common interpretation is that it represents the four evangelists: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. | |
| Crucifix | A cross with a representation of Jesus' body hanging from it. It is primarily used in Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Eastern Orthodox churches (where the figure is painted), and it emphasizes Christ's sacrifice— his death by crucifixion. | |
| Crux fourchette | A cross with flared or forked ends (see illustration at Crosses in Heraldry). | |
| Crux gemmata | A cross inlaid with gems. Denotes a glorification of the cross, this form was inspired by the cult of the cross that arose after Saint Helena's discovery of the true cross in Jerusalem in 327. | |
| Crux hasta | A cross with a long descending arm; a cross-staff. | |
| Crux pattée | A Greek cross with flared ends. | |
| Double cross. | A cross with two crossbars. See Patriarchal cross. | |
| Globus cruciger | Globe cross. An orb surmounted by a cross; used in royal regalia. | |
| Grapevine cross | Also known as the cross of Saint Nino of Cappadocia, who Christianised Georgia. | |
| Greek cross | With arms of equal length. One of the most common Christian forms, in common use by the 4th century. | |
| Gnostic cross | Cross used by the early Gnostic sects. | |
| Jerusalem Cross | Also known as the Crusader's Cross. A large cross with a smaller cross in each of its angles. It was used as a symbol of the Crusaders who fought against the Islamic forces. | |
| Latin cross | Cross with a longer descending arm. Along with the Greek cross, it is the most common form. It represents the cross of Jesus' crucifixion. | |
| Living cross | One of two possibilities: Either a natural cross made of living vines and branches. Or, a man-made cross with vines or plants planted at its base. In the all-natural version, it refers to the legend that Jesus' cross was made from the Tree of life. In the man-made cross with plants planted at the base, it contrasts the "new" Tree of Life (the cross) with the Book of Genesis Tree of Life. In both cases it shows Jesus' death (the cross) as a redemption for original sin (Tree of Life). | |
| Lorraine cross | Once with crossbars of equal length near the top and the bottom, now practically identical with the patriarchal cross | |
| Maltese cross | A Greek cross with arms that taper into the center. The outer ends may be forked. | |
| Marian Cross | A term invented to refer to Pope John Paul II's combination of a Latin cross and the letter M, representing the Mary present on Calvary. | |
| Occitan cross | Based on the counts of Toulouse's traditional coat of arms, it soon became the symbol of Occitania as a whole. | |
| Off Center Cross of Christian Universalism. | The off-center cross was invented in late April, 1946, in a hotel room in Akron, Ohio, during the Universalist General Assembly, where a number of Universalist ministers pooled their ideas. | |
| Papal Cross | A cross with three bars near the top. The bar are of unequal length, each one shorter than the one below. | |
| Patriarchal cross | Also called an archiepiscopal cross or a crux gemina. A double cross, with the two crossbars near the top. The upper one is shorter, representing the plaque nailed to Jesus' cross. Similar to the Cross of Lorraine, though in the original version of the latter, the bottom arm is lower. The Eastern Orthodox cross adds a slanted bar near the foot. | |
| Pectoral cross | A large cross worn in front of the chest (in Latin, pectus) by some clergy. | |
| Peter cross | A cross with the crossbeam placed near the foot, that is associated with Saint Peter because of the tradition that he was crucified head down. | |
| Rose Cross | A cross with a rose blooming at the center. The central symbol to all groups embracing the Esoteric Christian philosophy of the Rosicrucians. | |
| Russian Orthodox cross | (See Suppedaneum cross, below). | |
| Saltire or crux decussata | An X-shaped cross associated with St. Andrew, patron of Scotland, and so a national symbol of that country. The shape is that of the cross on which Saint Andrew is said to have been martyred. Also known as St. Andrew's Cross or Andrew Cross. | |
| Stepped cross | A cross resting on a base with three steps, also called a graded or a Calvary cross. | |
| Suppedaneum cross | Also known as Crux Orthodoxa, Byzantine cross, Eastern cross, Russian cross, Slavic or Slavonic cross. A three-barred cross in which the short top bar represents the inscription over Jesus' head, and the lowest (usually slanting) short bar, placed near the foot, represents his footrest (in Latin, suppedaneum). This cross existed very early in Byzantium, and was adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church and especially popularized in the Slavic countries. | |
| Saint Thomas Cross | The ancient cross used by the Syrian Malabar Nasrani community of Saint Thomas Christians in Kerala, India. | |
| Tau cross | A T-shaped cross. Also called the Saint Anthony's cross and crux commissa. | |
| Macedonian cross, also known as Veljusa Corss (Вељушки крст). | Macedonian Christian symbol, symbol of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. | |
| Monogrammatic Cross, or Staurogram or Tau-Rho Cross | The earlier visual image of the cross, already present in New Testament manuscripts as P66, P45 and P75. |
For further information on the forms in which the cross is represented, including its heraldric use, see the article Cross.
Read more about this topic: Christian Cross
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