United Kingdom
In the UK Government, the Cabinet Secretary is the most senior civil servant in the country, providing policy advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The role is currently occupied by Sir Jeremy Heywood, appointed in January 2012; in succession to Sir Gus O'Donnell, 2005-2012.
Since 1981 and until the end of 2011, the position of Cabinet Secretary has been combined with the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary of the Cabinet Office. The first means that the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for all the civil servants of the various departments within government (except the Foreign Office), chairing the Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG) which is the principal governing body of the civil service. The second means that the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for leading the government department that provides administrative support to the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The post is appointed by the Prime Minister with the advice of the out-going Cabinet Secretary and the First Civil Service Commissioner.
The responsibilities of the job vary from time to time and depend very much on the personal qualities of both the Prime Minister and Cabinet Secretary of the day. In most cases the true influence of the Cabinet Secretary extends far beyond administrative matters, and reaches to the very heart of the decision making process. For instance, the Cabinet Secretary is responsible for administering the Ministerial Code which governs the conduct of ministers (also known as the Rule Book and formerly Questions of Procedure for Ministers). In this duty the Cabinet Secretary may be asked to investigate "leaks" within government, and enforce Cabinet discipline. Unusually in a democracy, this gives the unelected Cabinet Secretary some authority over elected ministers (a situation satirised in the BBC sitcom Yes, Prime Minister), although the constitutional authority of the Code is somewhat ambiguous.
The Cabinet Secretary is responsible for overseeing the intelligence services and their relationship to the government, though since 2002 this responsibility has been delegated to a full time role (initially as Security and Intelligence Co-ordinator, now the Head of Intelligence, Security & Resilience working to the National Security Adviser), with the Cabinet Secretary focussing on civil service reforms to help deliver the government's policy programme.
It was announced on 11 October 2011 that Sir Gus would retire at the end of 2011, and following this the three roles currently performed by the Cabinet Secretary will be split: the Cabinet Secretary will provide policy advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet; the Head of the Home Civil Service will provide leadership for the whole Civil Service; and the Permanent Secretary will oversee the Cabinet Office.It was announced later that the occupiers would be: Cabinet Secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood; Head of the Home Civil Service, Sir Bob Kerslake, the Permanent Secretary at the Department for Communities and Local Government; and lastly, Permanent Secretary at the Cabinet Office, Ian Watmore.
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