Buffer Solution - Principles of Buffering

Principles of Buffering

Buffer solutions achieve their resistance to pH change because of the presence of an equilibrium between the acid HA and its conjugate base A-.

HA H+ + A-

When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added.

Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. The effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with pK_a = 4.7. The relative concentration of undissociated acid is shown in blue and of its conjugate base in red. The pH changes relatively slowly in the buffer region, pH = pK_a ± 1, centered at pH = 4.7 where = . The hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected because most of the added hydroxide ion is consumed in the reaction

OH- + HA → H₂O + A-

and only a little is consumed in the neutralization reaction which results in an increase in pH.

OH- + H+ → H₂O

Once the acid is more than 95% deprotonated the pH rises rapidly because most of the added akali is consumed in the neutralization reaction.