Black-winged Stilt - Taxonomy and Systematics

Taxonomy and Systematics

The taxonomy of this bird is still somewhat contentious. Some believe that there are as many as five distinct species; others consider some or all of these to be subspecies. In addition, two dubious subspecies are also sometimes listed, but not as independent species.

In the most extensive circumscription, with one species and 5–7 subspecies, this bird is often called Common Stilt. The name Black-winged Stilt on the other hand can specifically refer to the Old World nominate subspecies. The commonly accepted taxa are:

• Black-winged Stilt proper (Himantopus himantopus himantopus or H. himantopus) – including proposed subspecies meridionalis (S Africa) and ceylonensis (Sri Lanka)

W Europe and Mediterranean region to Central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar, South and Southeast Asia; localized breeder in East Asia (e.g. Taiwan) but more widespread during winter; has become a regular migrant to the Marianas and Saipan and sometimes is seen on other islands in western Micronesia (e.g. Koror, Ngeriungs Islet and Peleliu of Palau) since the late 20th-century. NW populations migrate south to Africa in winter.

Head and neck vary from all-white to white with all-black cap and hindneck, usually with white band across upper back. Sometimes vestigial open black chest band.

• Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus himantopus mexicanus, Himantopus mexicanus mexicanus or H. mexicanus)

Southern North America through Central America and Caribbean to N Peru and NE Brazil. Northernmost populations migrate south in winter. Intergrades with White-backed Stilt in C Brazil.

Head and neck always white with black cap down to the eyeline, white spot above eye, black hindneck. Usually no white band across upper back. Often vestigial open black chest band.

• White-backed Stilt (Himantopus himantopus melanurus, Himantopus mexicanus melanurus or H. melanurus)

South America from C Peru and N Chile to SE Brazil and south to SC Argentina. Intergrades with Black-necked Stilt in C Brazil.

Head and neck usually white with black hindneck and a black line from the nape to the eye. Usually has open black chest band and a white band across upper back.

• White-headed Stilt, Pied Stilt, or (New Zealand) Poaka (Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus or H. leucocephalus)

Java to New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. Southern population winter in the Philippines region.

Head usually all-white, neck white, black behind and with open black chest band. Usually a white band across upper back.

• Hawaiian Stilt or āeʻo (Himantopus himantopus knudseni, Himantopus mexicanus knudseni or H. knudseni)

Hawaiian Islands, where it is the only breeding shorebird

Generally similar to Black-necked Stilt, but black on head and neck more extensive, usually extending below the eye.