Modern Scale
| Beaufort number | Description | Wind speed | Wave height | Sea conditions | Land conditions | Sea state photo | Associated Warning Flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Calm | < 1 km/h (< 0.3 m/s) | 0 m | Flat. | Calm. Smoke rises vertically. | ||
| < 1 mph | |||||||
| < 1 knot | 0 ft | ||||||
| < 0.3 m/s | |||||||
| 1 | Light air | 1.1–5.5 km/h (0.3–2 m/s) | 0–0.2 m | Ripples without crests. | Smoke drift indicates wind direction. Leaves and wind vanes are stationary. | ||
| 1–3 mph | |||||||
| 1–3 knot | 0–1 ft | ||||||
| 0.3–1.5 m/s | |||||||
| 2 | Light breeze | 5.6–11 km/h (2–3 m/s) | 0.2–0.5 m | Small wavelets. Crests of glassy appearance, not breaking | Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle. Wind vanes begin to move. | ||
| 4–7 mph | |||||||
| 4–6 knot | 1–2 ft | ||||||
| 1.6–3.4 m/s | |||||||
| 3 | Gentle breeze | 12–19 km/h (3–5 m/s) | 0.5–1 m | Large wavelets. Crests begin to break; scattered whitecaps | Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended. | ||
| 8–12 mph | |||||||
| 7–10 knot | 2–3.5 ft | ||||||
| 3.5–5.4 m/s | |||||||
| 4 | Moderate breeze | 20–28 km/h (6–8 m/s) | 1–2 m | Small waves with breaking crests. Fairly frequent whitecaps. | Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move. | ||
| 13–17 mph | |||||||
| 11–16 knot | 3.5–6 ft | ||||||
| 5.5–7.9 m/s | |||||||
| 5 | Fresh breeze | 29–38 km/h (8.1-10.6 m/s) | 2–3 m | Moderate waves of some length. Many whitecaps. Small amounts of spray. | Branches of a moderate size move. Small trees in leaf begin to sway. | ||
| 18–24 mph | |||||||
| 17–21 knot | 6–9 ft | ||||||
| 8.0–10.7 m/s | |||||||
| 6 | Strong breeze | 39–49 km/h (10.8-13.6 m/s) | 3–4 m | Long waves begin to form. White foam crests are very frequent. Some airborne spray is present. | Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic bins tip over. | ||
| 25–30 mph | |||||||
| 22–27 knot | 9–13 ft | ||||||
| 10.8–13.8 m/s | |||||||
| 7 | High wind, moderate gale, near gale |
50–61 km/h (13.9-16.9 m/s) | 4–5.5 m | Sea heaps up. Some foam from breaking waves is blown into streaks along wind direction. Moderate amounts of airborne spray. | Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind. | ||
| 31–38 mph | |||||||
| 28–33 knot | 13–19 ft | ||||||
| 13.9–17.1 m/s | |||||||
| 8 | Gale, fresh gale |
62–74 km/h (17.2-20.6 m/s) | 5.5–7.5 m | Moderately high waves with breaking crests forming spindrift. Well-marked streaks of foam are blown along wind direction. Considerable airborne spray. | Some twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road. Progress on foot is seriously impeded. | ||
| 39–46 mph | |||||||
| 34–40 knot | 18–25 ft | ||||||
| 17.2–20.7 m/s | |||||||
| 9 | Strong gale | 75–88 km/h (20.8-24.4 m/s) | 7–10 m | High waves whose crests sometimes roll over. Dense foam is blown along wind direction. Large amounts of airborne spray may begin to reduce visibility. | Some branches break off trees, and some small trees blow over. Construction/temporary signs and barricades blow over. | ||
| 47–54 mph | |||||||
| 41–47 knot | 23–32 ft | ||||||
| 20.8–24.4 m/s | |||||||
| 10 | Storm, whole gale |
89–102 km/h (24.7-28.3 m/s) | 9–12.5 m | Very high waves with overhanging crests. Large patches of foam from wave crests give the sea a white appearance. Considerable tumbling of waves with heavy impact. Large amounts of airborne spray reduce visibility. | Trees are broken off or uprooted, saplings bent and deformed. Poorly attached asphalt shingles and shingles in poor condition peel off roofs. | ||
| 55–63 mph | |||||||
| 48–55 knot | 29–41 ft | ||||||
| 24.5–28.4 m/s | |||||||
| 11 | Violent storm | 103–117 km/h (28.6-32.5 m/s) | 11.5–16 m | Exceptionally high waves. Very large patches of foam, driven before the wind, cover much of the sea surface. Very large amounts of airborne spray severely reduce visibility. | Widespread damage to vegetation. Many roofing surfaces are damaged; asphalt tiles that have curled up and/or fractured due to age may break away completely. | ||
| 64–73 mph | |||||||
| 56–63 knot | 37–52 ft | ||||||
| 28.5–32.6 m/s | |||||||
| 12 | Hurricane | ≥ 118 km/h (≥ 32.8 m/s) | ≥ 14 m | Huge waves. Sea is completely white with foam and spray. Air is filled with driving spray, greatly reducing visibility. | Very widespread damage to vegetation. Some windows may break; mobile homes and poorly constructed sheds and barns are damaged. Debris and unsecured objects are hurled about. | ||
| ≥ 74 mph | |||||||
| ≥ 64 knot | ≥ 46 ft | ||||||
| ≥ 32.7 m/s |
The scale is used in the Shipping Forecasts broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom, and in the Sea Area Forecast from Met Éireann, the Irish Meteorological Service. Met Éireann issues a "Small Craft Warning" if winds of Beaufort force 6 (mean wind speed exceeding 22 knots) are expected up to 10 nautical miles offshore. Other warnings are issued by Met Éireann for Irish coastal waters, which are regarded as extending 30 miles out from the coastline, and the Irish Sea or part thereof: "Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 8 are expected; "Strong Gale Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 9 or frequent gusts of at least 52 knots are expected.; "Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 10 or frequent gusts of at least 61 knots are expected; "Violent Storm Force Warnings" are issued if Beaufort force 11 or frequent gusts of at least 69 knots are expected; "Hurricane Force Warnings" are issued if winds of greater than 64 knots are expected.
This scale is also widely used in the Netherlands, Greece, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, however with some differences between them. Taiwan uses the Beaufort scale with the extension to 17 noted above. China also switched to this extended version without prior notice on the morning of 15 May 2006, and the extended scale was immediately put to use for Typhoon Chanchu. Hong Kong and Macau however keep using force 12 as the maximum.
In the United States, winds of force 6 or 7 result in the issuance of a small craft advisory, with force 8 or 9 winds bringing about a gale warning, force 10 or 11 a storm warning ("a tropical storm warning" being issued instead of the latter two if the winds relate to a tropical cyclone), and force 12 a hurricane force wind warning (or hurricane warning if related to a tropical cyclone). A set of red warning flags (daylight) and red warning lights (night time) is displayed at shore establishments which coincide with the various levels of warning.
In Canada, maritime winds forecast to be in the range of 6 to 7 are designated as "strong"; 8 to 9 "gale force"; 10 to 11 "storm force"; 12 "hurricane force". Appropriate wind warnings are issued by Environment Canada's Meteorological Service of Canada: strong wind warning, gale (force wind) warning, storm (force wind) warning and hurricane force wind warning. These designations were standardized nationally in 2008, whereas "light wind" can refer to 0 to 12 or 0 to 15 knots and "moderate wind" 12 to 19 or 16 to 19 knots, depending on regional custom, definition or practice. Prior to 2008, a "strong wind warning" would have been referred to as a "small craft warning" by Environment Canada, similar to US terminology. (Canada and the USA have the Great Lakes in common.) However, there being no generally accepted definition of "small craft", and to have consistency between wind speed ranges and their associated warnings, the phrase "strong wind warning" has become the national Canadian norm.
The average expected winds (in km/h) can be approximately (+/- 1km/h) expressed by the formula (valid between 1 Bft and 11Bft, inclusive):
y = 0.5338*x^2 + 4.3218*x - 1.4052
y = wind speed km/h
x = Bft windforce (between 1 and 11)
Read more about this topic: Beaufort Scale
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