General
The measured distance to the Andromeda Galaxy was doubled in 1953 when it was discovered that there is another, dimmer type of Cepheid. In the 1990s, measurements of both standard red giants as well as red clump stars from the Hipparcos satellite measurements were used to calibrate the Cepheid distances.
Read more about this topic: Andromeda Galaxy
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“Suppose we think while we talk or writeI mean, as we normally dowe shall not in general say that we think quicker than we talk, but the thought seems not to be separate from the expression.”
—Ludwig Wittgenstein (18891951)
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Loose all thir vertue; lest bad men should boast
Thir specious deeds on earth, which glory excites,
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“One general builds his success on ten thousand bleaching bones.”
—Chinese proverb.