Aleksey Pleshcheyev - Biography

Biography

Alexey Nikolayevich Plescheev was born in Kostroma on December 4, an heir to a noble family with ancient history and fine literary tradition. Among the future poet's ancestors were St. Alexis of Moscow and the 18th century writer Sergey Ivanovich Plescheev.

Alexey's father Nikolai Sergeevich Plescheev was a state official, employed by Olonets, Vologda and Arkhangelsk governors. He received a good home education and at the age of 13 joined the military school in Saint Petersburg which he left in 1834 without graduating to enroll into the Saint Petersburg University to study Oriental languages. Here among his friends were Fyodor Dostoyevsky, brothers Apollon and Valerian Maykov, Andrey Krayevsky, Ivan Goncharov, Dmitry Grigorovich, Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin. It was to one of his older friends, the rector of Saint Petersburg University Pyotr Pletnyov to whom Pleshcheev sent his first collection of verse and received warm support.

In 1845, infatuated with the Socialist ideas, Pleshcheev joined the Petrashevsky Circle which included several writers - notably, Dostoyevsky, Sergey Durov and Nikolay Speshnev, the latter exerting especially strong influence upon the young man. Pleshcheev engaged himself in writing agitators' poetry (being perceived by others as "our very own André Chénier") and delivering manuscripts of banned books to his comrades. In a tandem with N.A.Mordvinov he translated the Word of a Believer by F.-R. de Lamennais which the Circle was planning to print and publish illegally.

In 1845 due to financial difficulties Pleshcheev left the University. In 1846 his first collection of poetry was published, including Step forward! Without fear or doubt... (Vperyod! Bez strakha y somnenya...) which quickly gained the reputation of a Russian La Marseillaise. The book resonated strongly with the Russian cultural elite's moods and Plescheev acquired the status of a revolutionary poet, whose mission was to "profess the inevitable triumph of truth, love and brotherhood," according to critic Valerian Maykov.

In 1847-1849 Pleshcheev's poems along with some prose, started to appear in magazines, notably, Otechestvennye Zapiski. Full of Aesopian language, some of them have still been credited as the first ever reaction to the French Revolution of 1848 in the Russian literature. In a 1888 letter to Chekhov Pleshcheev remembered:

In the late 1840s Pleshcheev started to publish short stories and novelets. A 'natural school' piece called The Prank (Shalost, 1848) bore evident Gogol influence, while Friendly Advice (Druzheskye sovety, 1849) resembled White Nights by Dostoyevsky, the latter dedicated, incidentally, to Pleshcheev.

In the late 1848 Plescheev started to invite members of the Petrashevsky Circle to his home. He belonged to the moderate flank of the organization, being skeptical about republican ideas and seeing Socialism as a continuation of the old humanist basics of Christianity. In the spring of 1849 Pleshcheev sent a copy of the officially banned Vissarion Belinsky’s letter to Gogol. The message was intercepted and on April 8 he was arrested in Moscow, then transported to Saint Petersburg. After spending nine months in the Petropavlovskaya fortress Pleshcheev found himself among 21 people sentenced to death. On December 22, with other convicts he was brought to the Semyonov Platz where, after a mock execution ceremony (later described in full detail by Dostoyevsky in his novel The Idiot), was given 4 years of hard labour. This verdict was softened and soon Pleshcheev went to the town of Uralsk where he joined the Special Orenburg Corps as a soldier, starting the service that lasted 8 years. Initially life in exile for him was hard and return to writing was out of question. Things changed when Count Perovsky, his mother's old friend, has learnt of the poet's plight and became his patron. Pleshcheev now has got access to books and stroke several friendships, notably with the family of Colonel Dandeville (whose wife he fell in love with, leaving several poems dedicated to her), Taras Shevchenko, radical poet Mikhail Mikhaylov and a group of Polish exiles, among them Zygmunt Sierakowski. According to the latter's biographer, the circle's members discussed such questions as granting freedom to peasants and the abolition of corporal punishment in the Russian army.

In March 1853 Pleshcheev asked to be transferred to the 4th infantry battalion and took part in several Turkestan expeditions endeavored by General Perovsky, participating in the siege of the Ak-Mechet fortress in Kokand. He was honoured for bravery and promoted to the rank of junior officer, then in 1856 was granted a permission to become a civil servant. In May 1856 Pleshcheev retired from the Army, joined the Orenburg borderline Commission, then in September 1858 moved into the office of the Orenburg civil Governor's chancellery. That year he’s got a permission to visit Moscow and Saint Petersburg (making this 4 months trip with his wife E.Rudneva whom he married a year later) and was returned all the privileges of hereditary dvoryanin he's been stripped off eight years earlier.

In exile Pleshcheev resumed writing: his new poems appeared in 1856 in Russky Vestnik under the common title Old Songs Sung in a New Way (Starye pesni na novy lad). In 1858, ten years on after the debut one, his second collection of verses was issued, a stand-out being the piece called "On Reading Newspapers", an anti-Crimean War message, in tune with the feelings common among the Ukrainian and Polish political exiles of the time. The collection's major themes were the author's feelings towards "his enslaved motherland" and the need for spiritual awakening of a common Russian man, with his unthinking, passive attitude towards life. Nikolai Dobrolyubov later reviews the book with great sympathy and affection. Then there was another long pause. Not a single poem from the 1849-1851 period remained and in 1853 Pleshcheev conceded he felt like he "was now forgetting how to write."

In August 1859 Pleshcheev returned from his exile, settled in Moscow and started to contribute to Sovremennik, having maintained through the mutual friend Mikhail Mikhaylov strong personal contacts with Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. His works were also published by magazines Russkoye Slovo (1859-1854) and Vremya (1861-1862), newspapers Vek (1861), Denh (1861-1862) and Moskovsky Vestnik. In the late 1850s Pleshcheev started to publish a lot of prose, among his better known works being The Inheritance (Nasledstvo, 1857), Father and Daughter (Оtets y dotch, 1857), Budnev (1858), Pashintsev (1859) and Two Careers (Dve Karjery, 1859), the latter three vaguely autobiographical novelets. In 1860 A.N.Pleshcheev's Novelets and Shorts Stories in 2 volumes came out followed by two more collections of poetry, in 1861 and 1863, where he got closer to what scholars later describes as the "Nekrasov school" of protest verse. All the while contemporaries described him as a 'totally 1840s man' full of romanticism mixed with vague ideas of social justice. This alienated him from the emerging pragmatic radicals of the 1860s, and Pleshcheev admitted as much. "One is supposed to pronounce his very own New Word, but where it is supposed to come from?" he wondered, in a letter to Dostoyevsky.

In December 1859 he was elected into the Russian Literary Society. A month earlier he joined the stuff of Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper seeing it as his mission to make the paper an ally of Saint Petersburg's Sovremennik, and for almost two years was its editor-in-chief. Pleshcheev’s translations of Dreams (Sny) by Taras Shevtcenko was this paper most politically charged publication. Pleshcheev continued contributing to Sovremennik up until the magazine's demise in 1866. His Moscow home became the center of literary and musical parties with people like Nekrasov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Pisemsky, Rubinstein, Chaikovsky and actors of Maly Theatre attending regularly.

In the early 1860s Pleshcheev started to criticise the 1861 reforms which he initially was enthusiastic about and severed all ties with Mikhail Katkov's Russky Vestnik. His poetry became more radical, its leitmotif being the high mission of a revolutionary who’s suffering from the society's indifference. The secret police in its reports mentioned Pleshcheev as a 'political conspirator' and in 1863 searched his house hoping to find evidence of his links with Zemlya i volya. There remained no documents supporting the case for Pleshcheev being Zemlya i volya member, but both Pyotr Boborykin and Maria Sleptsova later insisted that not only was he the active paper of the underground revolutionary circle but kept printing facilities in his Moscow home where the Young Russia manifest has been printed.

By the end of the decade almost all of his friends have been either dead or imprisoned and Pleshcheev (who in 1864 even had to join Moscow Postal office revision department) could see for himself no way to continue as a professional writer. Things started to change in 1968 when Nikolai Nekrasov, now the head of Otechestvennye Zapiski, invited Pleshcheev to move to Saint Petersburg and take the post of the reformed journal's secretary. After Nekrasov's death Pleshcheev became the head of the poetry department and remained in OZ up until 1884.

As the magazine got closed, Pleshcheev became active as a Severny Vestnik orginizer, the magazine he stayed with until 1890, helping a lot (with money, too) young authors like Ivan Surikov (who at one point was close to suicide), Garshin, Serafimovich, Nadson and Merezhkovsky. In 1870s and 1880s Pleshcheev made a lot of important translations from German, French and English and several Slavic languages. Among the works he translated were "Ratcliff" by Heinrich Heine, "Magdalene" by Hebbel, "Struenze" by Michael Behr. Stendhal’s Le Rouge et le Noir and Émile Zola’s Le Ventre de Paris were first published in Pleshcheev’s translations. In 1887 The Complete A.N.Pleshcheev was published, re-issued in posthumously, in 1894 by the poet's son.

Pleshcheev has been deeply engaged with the Russian theatre, was friends with Alexander Ostrovsky and a one time the administrator of the Artistic Circle, an active member of the Russian Dramatist Society. He wrote 13 original plays, most of them satirical miniatures dealing with the everyday life of a Russian rural gentry. Some of them (The Good Turn, Every Cloud Has It’s Silver Lining, both 1860; The Happy Couple, The Woman Commander, both 1862; As It Often Happens, Brothers, both 1864) were produced by major Russian theatres. He adapted for stage productions more than 30 comedies of foreign authors.

Pleshcheev’s poetry for children, compiled in Snowdrop (1878) and Grandpa’s Songs (1891), became immensely popular and for decades was featured in Russian textbooks. In 1861 with Fyodor Berg he compiled and published the Book for Children, then in 1873 (with N.A.Alekseev) another children literary anthology, A Holiday Reading. He initiated the project involving the publication of 7 textbooks in the Geography Sketches and Pictures. Many of Pleshcheev’s poems have been set to music by composers like Rimsky-Korsakov, Musorgsky, Cui, Grechaninov, Rakhmaninov, Chaikovsky. The latter praised highly his children’s cycle and cited it as a major source of inspiration. Among romances composed by Chaikovsky based on Pleshcheev’s verses were "Oh, Not a Word, My Friend" (1869), "Sing Me the Same Song" (1872), "Only You" (1884), "If Only You’d Knew and Meekly Stars Were Shining Upon Us" (1886). Of Chaikovsky's 16 Songs for Children (1883) 14 had Pleshcheev's lyrics.